Deck 5: Anxiety, Trauma, and Stressor-Related and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Question 1

Cedella just fainted because of her phobia.What type of phobia does Cedella have?

A)a blood-injury-injection phobia
B)a situational phobia
C)a natural environment phobia
D)an animal phobia

Answer 1

a blood-injury-injection phobia

Question 2

What did research on the treatment for social anxiety disorder by Davidson, Foa, and Huppert (2004) reveal?

A)The combination of CBT and SSRIs is more effective than either treatment alone.
B)CBT and SSRIs were comparable in efficacy, but the combination is no better than the two individual treatments.
C)CBT is more efficacious than SSRIs as a treatment.
D)SSRIs are a more efficacious treatment method than CBT.

Answer 2

CBT and SSRIs were comparable in efficacy, but the combination is no better than the two individual treatments.

Question 3

Although the causes of social anxiety disorder are similar to those of specific phobia, the treatment often has a different focus.What is included as a treatment for SAD and specific phobias?

A)exposure
B)medication
C)role-playing
D)mindfulness

Answer 3

role-playing

Question 4

A culture-bound syndrome in Chinese cultures is known as Pa-leng.What most often characterizes those who have this disorder?

A)They appear naked in public.
B)They wear many layers of clothing.
C)They exercise compulsively.
D)They hoard food.

Question 5

In an interview, performer Alanis Morissette said she was once returning home from Los Angeles to Canada for the holidays, when she suddenly began crying and shaking uncontrollably, and she felt as if she was going to faint.What was she most likely experiencing?

A)an unexpected panic attack
B)a situationally bound panic attack
C)a specific panic attack
D)a situationally predisposed panic attack

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT included in the model of generalized anxiety disorder developed by researchers Dugas, Ladouceur, and others?

A)intolerance of uncertainty
B)positive beliefs about worry
C)poor problem orientation
D)focus on internal images of the threat

Question 7

According to British neuropsychologist Jeffrey Gray, what part of the brain regulates the fight/flight system?

A)the hippocampus
B)the amygdala
C)the brain stem
D)the temporal lobe

Question 8

In Japan, what does the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involve?

A)a fear of embarrassing oneself
B)a fear of embarrassing others
C)a fear of performing onstage
D)a fear of speaking to females

Question 9

Why are the rates of comorbidity (co-occurrence) among various anxiety disorders and depression high?

A)because the same psychological interventions should be used on all of them
B)because they share some of the same biological and psychological vulnerabilities for developing them
C)because the diagnostic criteria for these disorders are too ambiguous
D)because they may not be distinct disorders at all

Question 10

Which of the following would be considered an example of social phobia?

A)a student who is reluctant to ride in elevators
B)a male who has difficulty urinating in a public washroom when others are present
C)an individual who is invited to a party but decides to stay home because she feels shy
D)a person who has a fear of blood

Question 11

British neuropsychologist Jeffrey Gray identified a brain circuit in the limbic system of animals that seems heavily involved in anxiety and may be relevant to humans.What name did Gray give to this system?

A)the behavioural inhibition system
B)the corticotropin-releasing factor system
C)the serotonergic system
D)the noradrenergic system

Question 12

John grew up believing the world was dangerous and out of control.He has problems coping when things go wrong.Based on these early experiences, which vulnerability is John prone to?

A)generalized psychological vulnerability
B)generalized biological vulnerability
C)specific psychological vulnerability
D)specific biological vulnerability

Question 13

Amy was just given a prescription.Her father, who is a psychiatrist, asks for the name of the drug.Amy tells him, and he says, "I would have prescribed a better option for treating your panic disorder?" Which of the following drugs would he likely have prescribed?

A)a tricyclic antidepressant
B)a benzodiazepine
C)a phenothiazine
D)an SSRI

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT included in the triple vulnerability theory of anxiety?

A)generalized psychological vulnerability
B)generalized biological vulnerability
C)specific psychological vulnerability
D)specific biological vulnerability

Question 15

Even though phobias may interfere with an individual's functioning, only the most severe cases come for treatment.Why?

A)Affected people tend to arrange their life to avoid the phobic object or situation.
B)Less extreme phobias tend to fade over time without treatment.
C)The continuing shame and stigma surrounding mental disorders results in affected people avoiding treatment.
D)Most people with less severe cases tend to believe their fears are normal and reasonable.

Question 16

A relative who suffers from panic disorder asks you what treatment would have the most long-lasting benefits.Because you have just read about the double-blind NIMH research study evaluating psychological treatments with and without medication, what would you say?

A)First, try any available treatment because patients in all treatment conditions achieved the same long-lasting gains.
B)First, try the drug imipramine.
C)First, try psychological treatment along with medication.
D)First, try cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 17

Which drug shows the strongest evidence for usefulness in treating generalized anxiety disorder?

A)antidepressants
B)benzodiazepines
C)antipsychotics
D)neuroleptics

Question 18

Jack constantly worries about his health, finances, job security, and the stability of his marriage.Often, his worries keep him awake at night, causing him so much fatigue he cannot perform his work duties adequately.His preoccupation with his worries has left his wife feeling frustrated.What would be the most likely diagnosis of Jack's problem?

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)simple phobia
D)panic disorder

Question 19

What did the 2015-2016 First Nations Regional Health Survey reveal about proportions of the population diagnosed with an anxiety disorder in comparison to the Canadian Community Health Survey?

A)The proportions of adults in both surveys were similar, but there were higher proportions of Indigenous youth diagnosed.
B)The proportions of adults and youth were higher in the Canadian survey than the First Nations survey.
C)The proportions of adults and youth were similar in both surveys.
D)The proportions of adults and youth were higher in the First Nations survey than in the Canadian survey.

Question 20

What does agoraphobic avoidance behaviour appear to be determined by?

A)the number of panic attacks the person has had in the past
B)the extent to which the person expects another panic attack to occur
C)how recently the last panic attack occurred
D)how severe the panic attacks have been

Question 21

In the last several years, research has increasingly focused on the role of a neurotransmitter system associated with both anxiety and depression.What neurotransmitter system is this?

A)the GABA-benzodiazepine system
B)the corticotropin-releasing factor system
C)the serotonergic system
D)the noradrenergic system

Question 22

When a person feels intense fear, which of the following will activate to cause a surge of energy?

A)the somatic nervous system
B)the parasympathetic nervous system
C)the peripheral nervous system
D)the autonomic nervous system

Question 23

What percentage of those with panic disorder have experienced nocturnal panic?

A)10
B)40
C)60
D)100

Question 24

Jill responds more fearfully to her anxiety symptoms than James.What trait is Jill likely higher in compared to James?

A)behavioural inhibition
B)fight or flight
C)anxiety sensitivity
D)reticular activation

Question 25

Which of the following terms is most associated with generalized anxiety disorder?

A)depression
B)panic
C)emotion
D)worry

Question 26

In a major clinical trial on children with GAD, which of the following was NOT listed as a factor leading to less favourable treatment outcomes?

A)more severe and impairing anxiety
B)greater caregiver strain
C)principal diagnosis of social anxiety disorder
D)behavioural problems

Question 27

According to the textbook, what is the consensus on the optimal use of benzodiazepines?

A)Long-term use is recommended to ensure the user becomes adapted to the drug.
B)Short-term use is recommended to avoid dependence.
C)Use is determined on a case-by-case basis as not all individuals will gain relief quickly.
D)Use will depend on the medication level needed to cope with the anxiety.

Question 28

Based on brain-imaging procedures, there is now general agreement that anxiety disorders are due in part to which of the following?

A)abnormal bottom-up and top-down processing in the limbic system and cortex
B)overly responsive stimulation of the amygdala
C)new information in the limbic system
D)inadequate down-regulation of the amygdala

Question 29

George has episodes of sheer terror when riding on subway trains.He breaks into a cold sweat and often feels like he is about to have a heart attack.George imagines he is losing control of himself during these attacks.What is George most likely experiencing?

A)compulsion
B)alarm response
C)panic
D)anxiety

Question 30

Research on coping methods indicates that a high comorbidity exists between panic disorder and which of the following?

A)depression
B)alcohol dependence
C)self-harm
D)dissociation

Question 31

Research has indicated diagnostic specificity for which cognitive characteristic of GAD that is not seen in panic disorder with agoraphobia?

A)intolerance of uncertainty
B)positive beliefs about worry
C)poor problem orientation
D)cognitive avoidance

Question 32

Which term refers to the general tendency for some patients to respond fearfully to anxiety symptoms?

A)behavioural inhibition
B)fight or flight
C)anxiety sensitivity
D)reticular activation

Question 33

What psychological disorder in children is characterized by unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to the child's parents, and may result in a child refusing to leave home?

A)separation anxiety
B)school phobia
C)situational phobia
D)globus hystericus

Question 34

According to research on anxiety, who will most likely perform best in his or her scenario?

A)Shane, who was a bit anxious for his test on Monday
B)Shelia, who had a big basketball game but was not anxious at all
C)Jim, who was very anxious for his presentation last week
D)Jane, who was not anxious for her job interview yesterday

Question 35

Studies have found that individuals with panic disorder may be more susceptible than others to the anxiety-reducing effects of alcohol when they are experiencing panic-like bodily sensations.Which of the following might this finding explain?

A)why alcohol-based medications are so effective in treating panic disorder
B)why these individuals are more likely to experience panic attacks while they are consuming alcohol
C)why these individuals are more likely to develop alcohol abuse and dependence
D)why people with a history of alcoholism rarely go on to develop panic disorder

Question 36

What does research by Johnson and colleagues (2000) on cigarette smoking by teenagers and anxiety disorders suggest?

A)the possibility that brain circuits are permanently "wired"
B)the possibility that sensitivity of brain circuits can be affected by environmental factors
C)the possibility that respiratory disorders cause changes in neurotransmitter systems
D)the possibility that neurotransmitter systems operate independently of nonbiological influences

Question 37

The term "agoraphobia" is derived from the Greek word agora.What does agora mean?

A)home
B)workplace
C)people
D)marketplace

Question 38

Which term refers to the experience of a negative mood state characterized by physical tension and apprehension about the future?

A)fear
B)depression
C)anxiety
D)panic

Question 39

What area of the brain is most often associated with anxiety?

A)the reticular activating system
B)the left frontal lobe
C)the temporal lobe
D)the limbic system

Question 40

A client has just recently been diagnosed as having panic disorder.Which statement best describes what we will likely know about the client?

A)The client is likely female, as 75 percent of those with the disorder are female.
B)The client is likely in their late 50s.
C)The client will cope with the panic associated with agoraphobia by drinking alcohol because most people choose this as a means of coping.
D)The client will likely have had unexpected panic attacks from childhood.

Question 41

Which factors determine whether agoraphobia actually develops following panic attacks and how severe it becomes?

A)biological
B)psychological
C)medical
D)sociocultural

Question 42

Which of the following groups is generalized anxiety disorder most prevalent in?

A)teenage girls
B)young adult males
C)middle-aged males
D)the elderly

Question 43

Who of the following is at the greatest risk of having panic attacks with agoraphobia?

A)a male between the ages of 25 and 40
B)a female between the ages of 25 and 40
C)a male over the age of 60
D)a female over the age of 60

Question 44

A friend stated that when she went to a clinic, she had to spend 30- to 60-second sessions shaking her head from side to side, spinning in a chair, tensing all her muscles, hyperventilating, or breathing through a narrow straw.What is she receiving treatment for?

A)post-traumatic stress disorder
B)specific phobia
C)social phobia
D)panic disorder

Question 45

Which statement best describes the relationship between generalized anxiety disorders and suicide ideation?

A)There is no relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and suicide ideations once we account for the effects of other mental disorders.
B)One must meet all the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder to show a relationship.
C)Only if the individual also has depression will there be a relationship.
D)Even after accounting for the effects of other mental disorders, generalized anxiety disorder is related to suicide ideation.

Question 46

For which type of phobia does the age of onset peak at about seven years of age?

A)social phobia
B)agoraphobic avoidance
C)choking and illness phobias
D)animal and natural environment phobias

Question 47

Kyla experiences an inability to speak while at school but communicates effectively at home and when with her friends.What disorder would Kyla likely be diagnosed with?

A)social anxiety disorder
B)specific phobia
C)panic disorder with agoraphobia
D)selective mutism

Question 48

To address panic symptoms, a panic-control treatment (PCT) was developed at one of Barlow's clinics.Which of the following would be included in this therapy?

A)exposure to the interoceptive sensations
B)minimizing heart rate at all times
C)anti-anxiety medication
D)psychoanalysis

Question 49

A man who has an extreme snake phobia was told repeatedly as a child about the dangers of snakes in high grass.He also was encouraged to wear rubber boots to protect himself, even on city streets.What mode of developing a phobia does this example illustrate?

A)adaptive preparedness
B)interoceptive communication
C)developmental shaping
D)information transmission

Question 50

In a major double-blind NIMH research study looking at the separate and combined effects of both psychological and drug treatments (Barlow et al., 2000), patients were randomized into five different treatment conditions.Which of the following was one of these treatment conditions?

A)psychoanalysis
B)hypnosis
C)flooding
D)placebo

Question 51

Your friend Samantha has been diagnosed with a generalized anxiety disorder.Which category of drugs is the typical pharmacological treatment for her condition?

A)SSRIs
B)Benzodiazepines
C)Phenothiazines
D)MAO inhibitors

Question 52

Jason has just recently been diagnosed as having panic disorder.Which statement best describes what we will know about Jason?

A)Jason is rare because only a small percentage of individuals develop this disorder.
B)Jason is in his late 50s.
C)Jason will be more likely cope with the panic by drinking alcohol because men choose this as a means of coping more so than women.
D)Jason will be much more fearful of anxiety symptoms, compared to a woman.

Question 53

Which term refers to the integrated theory of the development of anxiety?

A)psychological vulnerability theory
B)triple vulnerability model
C)integrated model of anxiety
D)biological vulnerability model

Question 54

Which treatment plan do almost all clinicians agree is required for treatment of specific phobias?

A)avoidance until they feel more comfortable
B)structured and consistent exposure
C)developmental shaping
D)information transmission

Question 55

An individual who suffers from panic disorder might become anxious about climbing stairs, exercising, or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack.In psychological terms, what have the exercise and hot rooms become?

A)conditioned stimuli
B)unconditioned responses
C)conditioned responses
D)unconditioned stimuli

Question 56

How does cognitive-behavioural treatment help someone with generalized anxiety disorder?

A)It helps the patient confront anxiety-provoking thoughts and images.
B)It helps the patient analyze the unconscious sources of the anxiety.
C)It helps the patient avoid feelings of anxiety as well as the negative images associated with those feelings.
D)It helps the patient adjust medication levels as needed to cope with the anxiety.

Question 57

Which "normal" childhood fear correctly matches the corresponding approximate age of onset?

A)infancy: fear of monsters and other imaginary creatures
B)age four: fear of loud noises and strangers
C)age five: fear of separation from parents, of animals, and of the dark
D)age ten: fear of evaluation by others and anxiety over physical appearance

Question 58

Although SSRIs are currently the indicated drug for panic disorder, there are disadvantages to all drugs.What is the major disadvantage of SSRIs?

A)sexual dysfunction
B)cognitive dysfunction
C)confusion
D)memory loss

Question 59

Mandeep had a panic attack while he was asleep last night.What sleep event was Mandeep most likely experiencing when the attack occurred?

A)a dream
B)a nightmare
C)deep sleep
D)REM sleep

Question 60

Research has shown that psychological treatment focused on teaching the patient to be more tolerant of their distressing thoughts and feelings may have a higher success rate than all other treatments for GAD that have appeared in the literature.Which approach is at the core of this treatment?

A)cognitive therapy
B)emotive therapy
C)mindfulness
D)conditioning

Question 61

What are older adults most at risk of with increased benzodiazepine use?

A)sleeping difficulties
B)falls
C)memory loss
D)confusion

Question 62

Who is most likely to avoid all contact with other people?

A)someone with a situational phobia
B)someone with panic disorder
C)someone with blood-injury phobia
D)someone with an illness phobia

Question 63

Eddie is walking down a dark alley.Suddenly, a dark figure jumps out from behind a trash bin and points a gun at him.Eddie turns and runs away extremely quickly.What does this example illustrate?

A)anxiety
B)compulsion
C)panic
D)alarm response

Question 64

Which of the following is a diagnostic symptom associated with social phobias?

A)strong and persistent feeling of worry
B)significant attempts by the anxious individual to avoid going outdoors
C)the fear or anxiety is excessive or unreasonable in comparison to the actual threat
D)heightened activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 65

Which statement best describes research comparing psychological based treatments to drug treatments for generalized anxiety disorder?

A)Drug treatments are more effective in reducing symptoms than psychological treatments.
B)Psychological treatments are more effective long-term than drug treatments.
C)A combination of the two is necessary for effective long-term treatment.
D)Both treatments are equally effective in the long-term.

Question 66

Research by Barlow (2002) and others suggests that parents may play an important role in helping to reduce their children's risk of developing anxiety disorders.How do parents do this?

A)by receiving treatment for their own problems with anxiety
B)by ensuring that their children experience as few unexpected negative events as possible
C)by teaching their children early in life that they have control over their environment and thereby increasing their sense of control
D)by praising their children frequently and thereby increasing their self-esteem

Question 67

"Something might go wrong, and I'm not sure I can deal with it, but I've got to be ready to try." Which aspect of anxiety does this statement reveal?

A)future-oriented mood state
B)immediate control reaction
C)fight/flight response
D)panic attack

Question 68

Which of the following is a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

A)impulsivity
B)muscle tension
C)multiple specific phobias
D)paranoia

Question 69

Which physiological measure consistently distinguishes individuals with generalized anxiety disorder from nonanxious normal subjects?

A)increased heart rate
B)decreased EEG beta activity
C)increased muscle tension
D)heightened autonomic arousal

Question 70

According to research, what area of the brain was activated in people with social anxiety disorder who viewed angry and contemptuous faces?

A)the temporal lobe
B)the frontal lobe
C)the hippocampus
D)the amygdala

Question 71

Roberta is standing in a shopping mall when she begins having difficulty breathing.She feels her heart pounding, feels weak and dizzy, and notices that she is perspiring heavily.She thinks she might be having a heart attack.At the very least, she senses she is losing control and is afraid that if she's not having a heart attack, she is going "crazy." What does this situation illustrate?

A)alarm response
B)a panic attack
C)dissociation
D)anxiety

Question 72

According to Craske & Barlow (1988), all the evidence points to what conclusion about agoraphobic avoidance behaviour?

A)It is conceptually unrelated to panic disorder; it is a coincidence that they often occur together.
B)It is similar to the behaviour of people with generalized anxiety disorder.
C)It is a way of coping with unexpected panic attacks.
D)It is a principle cause of panic disorder.

Question 73

In the type of specific phobia called "blood-injury-injection," there is an inherited vasovagal response and a tendency to faint.What causes this tendency?

A)a decrease in blood pressure
B)an increase in blood pressure
C)a decrease in body temperature
D)an increase in body temperature

Question 74

What is the risk of someone with panic disorder attempting suicide?

A)It is comparable to that for individuals with major depression.
B)It is less than that for individuals with panic disorder who also demonstrate agoraphobic avoidance.
C)It is higher than that for individuals with major depression.
D)It is less than that for individuals with agoraphobia alone.

Question 75

A university student was attending a horror movie when he started to experience anxiety symptoms (rapid heartbeat, sweating, and shallow breathing).He was so upset that he went to a psychologist who told him that he probably had had a panic attack.In the following weeks, he became apprehensive about sitting in lecture halls, crowded rooms, and even classrooms.To be diagnosed with panic disorder, what also would have to happen?

A)He would also need to become severely depressed about his problem.
B)He would also need to develop substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another panic attack.
C)He would also need to repress the anxious feelings and pretend the experience never happened.
D)He would also need to achieve a high score on the anxiety sensitivity index.

Question 76

According to David Clark, which process is the most important in perpetuating panic disorder?

A)biological processes
B)physiological processes
C)cognitive processes
D)developmental processes

Question 77

Shannon suffers from panic disorder and is prone to panic attacks.Which type of panic attack will Shannon typically experience?

A)an unexpected panic attack
B)a situationally bound panic attack
C)an expected panic attack
D)a situationally predisposed panic attack

Question 78

What is the main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia?

A)People with situational phobia experience phobias at random times, and people with panic disorder with agoraphobia experience panic attacks only at specific times.
B)People with situational phobia experience panic attacks when confronted with the phobic situation as well as at other times, and people with panic disorder with agoraphobia only experience panic when in public places.
C)People with panic disorder with agoraphobia experience panic attacks only in specific situations, and people with situational phobia can experience phobias anywhere.
D)People with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of the phobic situation, and people with panic disorder with agoraphobia can experience panic even when not in a public place.

Question 79

What did the Heinrichs and colleagues (2006) cross-cultural study of social phobia find?

A)The more that attention-avoiding behaviours were accepted in a given culture, the greater were the levels of social anxiety.
B)There was no relationship between social acceptance of attention-avoiding behaviours and levels of social anxiety.
C)The more that attention-avoiding behaviours were accepted in a given culture, the lower were the levels of social anxiety.
D)The less that attention-avoiding behaviours were accepted in a given culture, the greater were the levels of social anxiety.

Question 80

What does the term interoceptive avoidance refer to?

A)the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia reduce panic-like symptoms through the use of alcohol
B)the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia avoid internal physical sensations
C)the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia avoid situations where panic attacks may occur
D)the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia avoid new situationsbecause they are unsure if panic-like symptoms will occur