Deck 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Pat has dissociative identity disorder and lives with her parents.Her parents observe her "switch" from one personality to another on a regular basis.How do her parents describe the "switches"?

A)They are usually instantaneous.
B)They are subtlety done by the host personality.
C)They usually occur at the will of the original personality.
D)They are usually gradual.

Answer 1

They are usually instantaneous.

Question 2

Greta occasionally has sensations of detachment from her surroundings, as if she were in a dream.This feeling of unreality most often occurs when she is overtired.What diagnosis best fits Greta's symptoms?

A)conversion hysteria
B)a dissociative experience
C)neurosis
D)dysmorphic disorder

Answer 2

a dissociative experience

Question 3

What is one factor that helps explain who is likely to develop dissociative identity disorder following childhood trauma?

A)number of siblings
B)number of abusers
C)suggestibility
D)socioeconomic status

Answer 3

suggestibility

Question 4

Auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) occur in people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) and those with psychotic disorders.How do these hallucinations in DID patients differ from those in patients with psychotic disorders?

A)DID patients report that the voices are from familiar figures in their past, such as parents.
B)DID patients report that the voices are coming from outside their own heads.
C)DID patients report that the voices are coming from inside their own heads.
D)DID patients report that the voices frequently tell the patient to kill or harm others.

Question 5

Portia is undergoing therapy for her PTSD.During therapy she developed a narrative of the trauma and then reviewed it extensively in the process.What type of treatment did Portia receive?

A)cognitive-behavioural therapy
B)exposure and ritual prevention
C)prolonged exposure therapy
D)interpersonal therapy

Question 6

Numerous studies of social factors have demonstrated the impact that support from loved ones can have on the development of PTSD.What specifically have these studies shown?

A)The more support from loved ones, the more likely you are to discuss what happened.
B)The support from loved ones decreases cortisol secretion and HPA activity.
C)Support from loved ones decrease anxiety sensitivity.
D)Those receiving support from loved ones seem to experience fewer flashbacks.

Question 7

According to the autohypnotic model, who may be able to use dissociation as a defence against extreme trauma?

A)people who have frequent "out-of-body" experiences
B)people who have had head injury and resulting brain damage
C)people who are highly suggestible
D)people who have certain neurological disorders, such as seizure disorders

Question 8

Jenessa is four years old, in her third foster home, and is unable to form relationships with any of her caregivers.Her current foster parents have been told she is likely dealing with which of the following?

A)an adjustment disorder
B)separation anxiety
C)an attachment disorder
D)a depressive disorder

Question 9

An individual in a trance state that is undesirable and considered pathological by members of the culture may be diagnosed with which of the following?

A)dissociative trance disorder
B)dissociative amnesia
C)dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
D)depersonalization-derealization

Question 10

What is the fundamental goal of treatment for dissociative identity disorder?

A)to help the patient to more successfully repress the traumatic memories
B)to relieve the depression and anxiety that frequently accompanies this disorder
C)to identify cues or triggers that provoke memories of the trauma or dissociation and to neutralize them
D)to develop more effective coping strategies for future negative events

Question 11

During a dissociative fugue state, what is it common for individuals to do?

A)take on a new identity
B)speak in a different tone of voice and use different physical gestures than they did previously
C)commit suicide
D)brutally assault people

Question 12

If individuals meet the criteria for a dissociative subtype of PTSD, what do we need to keep in mind?

A)They will respond differently to treatment.
B)They will have a limited range of emotions.
C)They will be more likely to engage in reckless behaviour.
D)They are more likely to be comorbid with depression.

Question 13

What has research found regarding the effect of Prozac on depersonalization-derealization disorder?

A)It is equally as effective as psychotherapy in treatment.
B)It is not any more effective than when compared to a placebo.
C)It is the most effective treatment option.
D)Combined with psychotherapy it is the most effective treatment approach.

Question 14

With regard to dissociative identity disorder, what does the term "alter" mean?

A)the most complete personality, apart from the original personality
B)the most dominant of the personalities
C)a different personality from the original personality of the individual
D)the ability to switch to other personalities at will

Question 15

Cathy claims to have 16 different personalities, each with its own unique traits and memories, living inside her.If her claims are accurate, what condition is she most likely suffering from?

A)dissociative depersonalization
B)dissociative identity disorder
C)dissociative fugue
D)dissociative trance disorder

Question 16

Gail tells Bill that she has experienced dissociation before and goes on to describe it in detail.What sorts of experiences did Gail likely describe to Bill?

A)numbness in her hands
B)extreme withdrawal from the external world
C)experiencing gross misrepresentations of external reality
D)feeling detached from herself and her surroundings

Question 17

Eight percent of the population has experienced post-traumatic stress disorder.What is the most common traumatic event experienced?

A)sexual assault and auto accidents that included fatalities
B)combat and sexual assault
C)aggravated assault and sexual assault
D)aggravated assault and combat

Question 18

Tracey has localized amnesia, what does she likely have no memory of?

A)events prior to a trauma
B)anything, including who she is
C)events following a trauma
D)selective events, particularly those involving trauma

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder?

A)avoidance of anything that reminds the individual of the trauma
B)experiencing extreme fluctuations in their range of emotions
C)being chronically overaroused
D)experiencing changes in the way the world is viewed

Question 20

There is growing opinion that DID is an extreme subtype of which of the following?

A)attachment disorder
B)PTSD
C)psychosis
D)panic disorder

Question 21

Regarding dissociative identity disorder, what research is Carleton University psychologist Nicolas Spanos most known for?

A)the influence of genetics on dissociate identity disorder
B)the ability of individuals to fake dissociative experiences
C)the events that precipitate a switch
D)the efficacy of SSRIs in treating the disorder

Question 22

Dr.Arnold follows the sociocognitive explanation of alter personalities in dissociative identity disorder.Which statement would Dr.Arnold most like make about the development of alters?

A)The creation of alters is directly influenced by dysfunctional patterns of family communication.
B)The creation of alters is the result of hypnotically inserted (false) memories.
C)The creation of alters is the result of social reinforcement by the therapist.
D)The creation of alters are consciously and voluntarily simulated by suggestible individuals.

Question 23

Angie has dissociative identity disorder (DID).What is most likely part of Angie's history?

A)drugs and alcohol abuse
B)delusions
C)child abuse
D)a family history of DID

Question 24

Which technique for treating PTSD facilitates rapid reprocessing of the traumatic event?

A)prolonged exposure therapy
B)cognitive-behavioural therapy
C)eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing
D)exposure and ritual prevention

Question 25

Although evidence for post-traumatic stress disorder has a long history, it was not recognized in the DSM until when?

A)1950
B)1980
C)1990
D)2000

Question 26

In some ways, for those patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID) and who have suffered horrific childhood abuse, DID can be seen as an adaptive response.Why?

A)The patient receives a great deal of attention for the past abuse he or she suffered.
B)Overall, mental health is improved.
C)Psychologically, at least, the child can escape an intolerable situation.
D)Family problems are identified and acknowledged for the first time.

Question 27

Professor Steele is discussing the dissociative state referred to as "amok." Which statement will most likely be a part of his lecture?

A)It is a dissociative state that is seen across the globe.
B)Males and females are diagnosed equally with this disorder.
C)Males and females are diagnosed equally with this disorder
D)Individuals in this trance-like state often brutally assault people and animals.

Question 28

James continues to re-experience a traumatic event.These memories come on very suddenly and he finds himself reliving the event.What symptom is James experiencing?

A)dissociation
B)nightmares
C)flashbacks
D)psychosis

Question 29

Which individual would be the least likely to meet the criterion of post-traumatic stress disorder?

A)Leena, who was in a car accident
B)Shawn, a first responder who was first on scene following a plane crash
C)Jody, whose son was killed in a school shooting
D)Jason, who has been watching the events of a terrorist attack unfold on television

Question 30

According to Ross (1997) and others, what is the average number of alter personalities (i.e., in addition to the original personality) in individuals with dissociative identity disorder?

A)5
B)15
C)25
D)50

Question 31

Shania has been diagnosed with chronic PTSD.In addition to the PTSD, what disorder does she have a high likelihood of being diagnosed with?

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)dissociative identity disorder
C)social phobia
D)panic disorder

Question 32

What was the biggest factor in predicting who was most affected by the terrorist attacks on 9/11?

A)how quickly they sought help following the attacks
B)their age
C)personal and direct experience
D)acknowledgement of the emotional impact

Question 33

According to Fedoroff and colleagues (2000), there will be a better outcome in treatment if a patient is able to decrease which of the following?

A)perceived control
B)anxiety sensitivity
C)family instability
D)stress in interpersonal relationships

Question 34

When they are part of post-traumatic stress disorder, what are symptoms such as feelings of unreality and/or amnesia for all or part of the traumatic event called?

A)psychotic symptoms
B)neurotic symptoms
C)dissociative symptoms
D)reactive symptoms

Question 35

Which statement best describes the accuracy of recovered memories?

A)There is evidence that false memories can be created but there is no evidence of selective amnesia for early traumatic experiences.
B)There is no evidence that false memories can be created or that individuals develop selective amnesia for early trauma.
C)There is no evidence that false memories can be created but there is evidence that individuals can develop selective amnesia for early trauma.
D)There is evidence that false memories can be created, and that selective amnesia can occur for early traumatic experiences.

Question 36

Sue has dissociative identity disorder.What does she most likely also have?

A)depression
B)at least one other psychological disorder
C)antisocial personality disorder
D)a history of problems with the law

Question 37

In the absence of any physical trauma to the brain or drug intoxication, what is the most likely cause of sudden loss of ability to recall important personal information?

A)depersonalization disorder
B)dissociative fugue
C)dissociative amnesia
D)retrograde amnesia

Question 38

When interviewing 129 women with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse, what did Williams (1994) find?

A)Thirty-eight percent of the women did not recall the abuse.
B)The woman remembered minute details of the abuse.
C)Seventy-five percent of the women did not recall the abuse.
D)Almost none of the women recalled the abuse.

Question 39

In a study of male and female Vietnam War veterans, which factor related to generalized psychological vulnerability was found to be common in these individuals?

A)family instability
B)depression
C)rumination
D)risky behaviour

Question 40

In the Williams (1994) study involving 129 women who had documented cases of sexual abuse as children, what percentage of these women reported having no recollection of the abuse incident?

A)0 percent
B)38 percent
C)72 percent
D)100 percent

Question 41

In a study conducted by Loftus and colleagues (1996), individuals were told about false events that had supposedly occurred when they were children.What did the results of this study reveal?

A)Individuals with previously diagnosed disorders can be convinced of events that never happened.
B)People cannot be convinced of events that did not happen.
C)People can become quite convinced they experienced events that never happened.
D)People can become convinced of events that did not happen, but only during hypnosis or other dissociative states.

Question 42

Jeremiah returned from war a year ago.Immediately after returning, he showed few, if any, symptoms.For a month and a half, though, has been experiencing intrusive memories, having difficulties sleeping, and does not want to see any of his friends from the army or discuss anything to do with war.What diagnosis will Jeremiah likely receive?

A)acute stress disorder
B)post-traumatic stress disorder with dissociate symptoms
C)post-traumatic stress disorder with delayed expression
D)chronic post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 43

When is a dissociative trance disorder diagnosed?

A)only when the trance is undesirable and considered pathological in the individual's culture
B)only when the trance causes harm to the individual or others
C)whenever an individual repeatedly enters a trance state
D)only when the trance is unpredictable in terms of when it appears (e.g., if individual goes into a trance without prior religious ritual)

Question 44

Suriya has dissociative identity disorder and is starting treatment.She asked her psychiatrist what the treatment will involve.What is the psychiatrist likely to say?

A)addressing the patient's negative thoughts about the abuse
B)confrontation of the abuser
C)integration of the personality fragments
D)hypnotic regression of the host and each alter

Question 45

According to a recent survey, which statement best describes the relationship between acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder?

A)Acute stress disorder is a prerequisite for developing PTSD.
B)Approximately half of the individuals with acute stress disorder go on to develop PTSD.
C)Treatment is only beneficial for those with PTSD and not acute stress disorder.
D)All individuals diagnosed with PTSD demonstrated acute stress disorder preceding their diagnosis.

Question 46

According to the textbook, what is the main reason that dissociative identity disorder (DID) patients tend to have many additional psychological disorders?

A)The more personalities associated with the DID, the more additional disorders will develop.
B)Most DID patients abuse drugs and alcohol, which leads to other disorders.
C)Most have suffered horrible child abuse, which leads to many problems in later life.
D)They appear to have an extreme genetic vulnerability to psychopathology.

Question 47

Dr.Little has a new patient who has just developed dissociative identity disorder.Which individual is most likely Dr.Little's patient?

A)a 3-year-old girl
B)a 9-year-old girl
C)a 13-year-old girl
D)a 17-year-old girl

Question 48

What is an important factor in determining whether an individual will develop post-traumatic stress disorder following a traumatic event?

A)the individual's gender
B)the individual's age at time of the trauma
C)the number of relatives with psychological disorders
D)the extent of emotional support from family and friends

Question 49

Mark has a seizure disorder and has developed some dissociative symptoms.Gary has dissociative symptoms but no seizure disorder.What likely differs between Mark and Gary?

A)Mark's disorder is unlikely to be the result of psychological trauma.
B)Mark won't have clinical anxiety.
C)Mark's dissociative symptoms won't be linked to physiology.
D)The reason for Mark's disorder is likely a mystery.

Question 50

According to Pace-Schott and colleagues (2015), the effects of the exposure practices may be strengthened if timed effectively during which point of the day?

A)first thing in the morning
B)before a nap
C)early afternoon
D)following a meal

Question 51

In dissociative amnesia, memory loss can be partial or total.How long does it generally last?

A)It is permanent.
B)It lasts a fleeting moment.
C)It is brief.
D)It can be temporary or lifelong.

Question 52

In their study of individuals with depersonalization-derealization, Guralnick and colleagues (2000) found that those with the disorder showed cognitive deficits in many areas.Which of the following was NOT one of those areas?

A)intelligence
B)attention
C)short-term memory
D)spatial reasoning

Question 53

In dissociative identity disorder, who is usually the first personality to seek treatment?

A)the person's original personality
B)someone other than the person's original personality
C)the most aggressive personality
D)the first alter personality to develop

Question 54

The "alarm reactions" experienced in both post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorders are similar and result in conditioned responses.However, which statement best describes the alarm in panic disorder?

A)It is more prolonged.
B)It is physically painful.
C)It is more intense.
D)It is false.

Question 55

While driving alone in her car, Sally suddenly looks around and, for a moment, she can't remember where she is, how she arrived at this point on the road, or even why she is driving her car.What is Sally experiencing?

A)neurotic distortion
B)derealization
C)depersonalization
D)early onset psychosis

Question 56

The diagnostic criteria for dissociative identity disorder includes a fragmentation of identity and which of the following?

A)a history of sexual abuse
B)a lack of awareness about the distinct personalities
C)the existence of three or more alter personalities
D)amnesia for important personal information

Question 57

Darren was in a fugue state for six months.What did he likely do in that six months?

A)travelled, assumes a new identity while remembering who he really was
B)felt compelled to travel but did not experience memory loss
C)experienced memory loss and identity confusion, but did not travel
D)travelled, experienced memory loss, and experienced identity confusion

Question 58

Jenna, a recently married young woman, described episodes of "spacing out." During these episodes, she feels as if she is observing herself from outside of her body.Her experiences seem "dream-like," and she reports feeling completely separated from what is going on around her.What diagnosis best fits Jenna's symptoms?

A)stress associated with being newly married
B)post-traumatic episodes
C)detachment disorder
D)depersonalization-derealization disorder

Question 59

Your friend was a recent victim of a sexual assault.According the DSM-5, at what point can a diagnosis of PTSD be made?

A)immediately following the traumatic event
B)one month after the trauma
C)three months after the trauma
D)six months after the trauma

Question 60

What is the most common type of dissociative disorder in non-Western cultures?

A)dissociative amnesia
B)trance and possession
C)dissociative derealization disorder
D)depersonalization-derealization disorder

Question 61

What is the average length of time between an individual's first symptoms of dissociative identity disorder and the identification and diagnosis of the disorder by a professional?

A)less than a month
B)one year
C)seven years
D)20 years

Question 62

In their study of individuals with depersonalization-derealization, what did Charbonneau and O'Connor (1999) find in the majority of cases?

A)The age of onset was in the 20s.
B)Onset occurred following a traumatic life event, sexual abuse, or giving birth.
C)These individuals eventually developed symptoms of schizophrenia.
D)There were additional dissociative disorders.

Question 63

Which traumatic event seems to have the most significant emotional impact?

A)accident
B)robbery
C)aggravated assault
D)rape

Question 64

In many areas of the world, what are dissociative symptoms, such as sudden changes in personality, attributed to?

A)possession by a spirit important in the particular culture
B)being in league with the devil
C)hallucinogenic substances used in some spiritual rituals
D)punishment from God

Question 65

Ian is experiencing dissociation.Before this problem occurred, Ian was healthy and well-adjusted.What likely happened in Ian's recent past?

A)a minor illness
B)an episode of binge drinking
C)an extremely stressful event
D)a period of major depression

Question 66

Jacob is five years old and shows behaviours that are inappropriate in his relationships with adults.Jacob often wanders off with others and recently accompanied an adult on the playground to the washroom without asking his caregiver.Based on his behaviours what might Jacob be diagnosed with?

A)an adjustment disorder
B)separation anxiety
C)reactive attachment disorder
D)disinhibited social engagement disorder

Question 67

In 2003, Kenneth Mackay was convicted of murdering Crystal Paskemin in Saskatoon.Although he admitted to having run over the victim with his truck, which he claims was an accident; his defence lawyer argued that Mackay had no memory of burning the victim's body because of the trauma of the accident.What did a memory expert testify in court that Mackay might have suffered?

A)a dissociative fugue state
B)dissociative amnesia
C)an episode of extreme depersonalization
D)a dissociative trance state

Question 68

What sort of behaviour do the "impulsive alters" often exhibit?

A)They handle sexuality.
B)They engage in self-harm.
C)They refuse treatment.
D)They instigate the switches.

Question 69

According to Wilcox and colleagues (2009), what is the relationship between PTSD diagnoses and suicide?

A)There is no greater risk for suicide in those with PTSD than other disorders.
B)The greater direct exposure to the trauma, the greater likelihood of suicide.
C)Suicide attempts, independently of any other problem, including alcohol abuse.
D)Those with delayed onset PTSD are less likely to die by suicide than others diagnosed with PTSD.

Question 70

Darrel is a Vietnam veteran.He wakes up in the middle of the night in a cold sweat due to dreams in which he relives his most frightening war experiences.He refuses to talk about the war with anyone and is constantly fidgety and "on edge." He is unable to enjoy himself or develop intimacy with friends or romantically.What disorder does Darrel appear to have?

A)adjustment reactive disorder
B)dissociative disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 71

What happens during interpersonality amnesia?

A)Specific events experienced by one personality are remembered only by that personality and not others.
B)Some alter personalities have total recall of past events, whereas some other personalities have only partial recall of past events.
C)Traumatic events experienced by one personality are remembered only by that personality and not others.
D)Specific events experienced by one personality are not remembered by that personality but are recalled by alter personalities.

Question 72

What is one of the clinical strategies used to distinguish malingerers from patients with DID?

A)Observe the fluidity of symptom presentation.
B)Provide a neuropsychological assessment.
C)Conduct a structured clinical interview.
D)Suggest treatment, as malingerers will often refuse treatment.

Question 73

In one study of dissociative identity disorder, it was demonstrated that changes in which of the following occurred in 37 percent of the cases?

A)posture
B)facial expressions
C)physical disabilities
D)handedness

Question 74

What do we call the model that suggests that most symptoms of dissociative identity disorder can be accounted for by therapists who inadvertently suggest the existence of alters to suggestible individuals?

A)the observational learning model
B)the psychosocial model
C)the sociocognitive model
D)the therapeutic induction model

Question 75

What does cognitive therapy seek to correct in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder?

A)negative assumptions about the trauma
B)relief of the anxiety and panic attacks often associated with the disorder
C)reluctance to discuss the event
D)fear associated with the event

Question 76

Why were there lower rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than expected in citizens who endured bombing and shelling in wartime England?

A)Many people may not have directly experienced the horrors of death or direct attack during the wartime air raids.
B)Social cohesion during wartime minimizes its traumatic impact.
C)Effective treatments for PTSD were made available immediately following the bombings.
D)Many did not come forward to report their symptoms.

Question 77

How long do PTSD symptoms need to be present to be considered chronic?

A)3 months
B)6 months
C)9 months
D)one year

Question 78

Which term refers to anxious or depressive reactions to life stress that are generally milder than seen in acute stress disorder or PTSD but are still considered impairing?

A)adjustment disorders
B)anxiety disorders
C)attachment disorders
D)depressive disorders

Question 79

Which area of the brain seems to be the most changed as a direct result of experiencing PTSD?

A)amygdala
B)prefrontal cortex
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 80

Based on research into and debate about the issue of recovered memories, what official position has the Canadian Psychiatric Association taken?

A)The mental health profession is in no position to judge the validity of recovered childhood memories of abuse.
B)Childhood memories later recovered in adulthood are of questionable reliability and should never be accepted without corroboration.
C)There is no evidence whatsoever to support the notion of recovered memories of childhood abuse.
D)There is overwhelming evidence to support the validity of recovered childhood memories.