Deck 17: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

Question 1

According to the World Bank, there were 33 births per 1,000 women in Afghanistan in 2016.In other words, 33 was the ______ in Afghanistan that year.

A)age-specific fertility rate
B)population momentum
C)crude birth rate
D)life expectancy

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is the preferred measure by demographers to estimate future fertility?

A)crude birth rates
B)age-specific fertility rates
C)age-specific mortality rates
D)life expectancy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is the tendency of population growth to continue beyond the point when replacement rate fertility has been achieved because of the high concentration of people of childbearing age?

A)natural population growth
B)exponential growth
C)population momentum
D)population density

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What does a total fertility rate measure?

A)the total number of fertile women in a given population
B)the average number of births per woman in a given population
C)the number of live births in a given population
D)the number of births each year per 1,000 women

Question 5

According to Statistics New Zealand, there were 30,950 more births than there were deaths in New Zealand in 2006.This is an example of which of the following?

A)natural population increase
B)population momentum
C)net migration
D)demographic transition

Question 6

Which of the following is the fastest growing regions in the world?

A)Eastern Europe
B)Western Europe
C)South America
D)Central Africa

Question 7

Which of the following is the science of population size, distribution, and composition?

A)ethnography
B)geography
C)demography
D)anthropology

Question 8

What is the total fertility rate (TFR) at which a population reaches replacement level fertility?

A)1
B)1.75
C)2.1
D)2.5

Question 9

In Eastern Europe, the population is expected to decrease by 14% by 2050 due in large part to which of the following factors?

A)below-replacement-level fertility rates
B)replacement-level fertility rates
C)above-replacement-level fertility rates
D)emigration

Question 10

Where are total fertility rates (TFRs) highest?

A)most developed countries
B)more developed countries
C)less developed countries
D)least developed countries

Question 11

What is an age-specific fertility rate?

A)the number of births typical for women of a specific age in particular population
B)the age at which a women in a particular population is most fertile
C)the number of births each year per 1,000 women in a particular population
D)an estimate of the number of deaths typical in men and women of specific ages in a particular population

Question 12

Birth dearth refers to ______.

A)rising fertility rates
B)replacement rate fertility
C)population momentum
D)falling fertility rates

Question 13

Which of the following refers to the number of live births in a given population?

A)crude birth rate
B)net migration
C)fertility
D)mortality

Question 14

China's population continues to grow despite the fact that its fertility rate has fallen below the replacement rate.What phenomenon best explains this growth?

A)immigration
B)population momentum
C)adoption
D)baby boom

Question 15

Which of the following is true of population growth?

A)Population growth is fairly even around the world.
B)The greatest expansion is taking place in developed countries.
C)In the United States, most population growth is taking place as a product of natural population increase.
D)In the United States, most population growth is taking place as a result of immigration.

Question 16

Which of the following countries is experiencing high population growth as a result of immigration rather than as a result of natural population increase?

A)India
B)China
C)United States
D)Ethiopia

Question 17

Fertility rates in most cultures peak ______.

A)during women's late teens and 20s
B)during women's 30s
C)during women's 40s
D)out of childbearing age

Question 18

In China, which of the following slowed its rate of population growth, bringing the total fertility rate to 1.8?

A)its one-child policy
B)low population momentum
C)low levels of female education
D)economic prosperity

Question 19

What is net migration?

A)in-migration minus out-migration
B)in-migration plus out-migration
C)internal migration
D)seasonal migration

Question 20

In which of the following ways can a "birth dearth" be problematic for a nation?

A)It puts a strain on basic services, such as sanitation and education.
B)It puts a strain on natural resources.
C)It causes a rise in unemployment.
D)It leaves aging populations dependent for their social welfare on the financial contributions of fewer young workers.

Question 21

The ______ is an estimate of the number of deaths typical in men and women of specific ages in a particular population.

A)crude death rate
B)crude mortality rate
C)age-specific death rate
D)age-specific mortality rate

Question 22

Demographers argue that in most developed countries, stabilization has been followed by which of the following?

A)the first demographic transition
B)the second demographic transition
C)exponential population growth
D)replacement fertility

Question 23

Which of the following is true of countries with negative rates of natural increase?

A)They all are experiencing population declines.
B)They can expect to see a population loss of about 10% through the middle of the 21st century.
C)People are being born at a faster rate than they are dying.
D)They can still experience population growth as a result of immigration.

Question 24

Of the following, who has the lowest life expectancy at birth?

A)males in Pakistan
B)females in Nigeria
C)females in Egypt
D)males in Israel

Question 25

In broad terms, when did children become an expense rather than an economic necessity?

A)in early agricultural societies
B)during the very early stages of industrialization
C)during the later stages of industrialization
D)in the information age

Question 26

British social philosopher Thomas Malthus developed which of the following theories?

A)the theory of the second demographic transition
B)the theory of exponential population growth
C)the theory of population momentum
D)the theory of the first demographic transition

Question 27

Which of the following is one factor that makes it difficult to make predictions about population growth with precision?

A)insufficient education
B)unforeseen epidemics
C)a diversity of cultural norms
D)population momentum

Question 28

In the first demographic transition, when does population reach a point of stabilization?

A)high stationary
B)early expanding
C)late expanding
D)low stationary

Question 29

The number of countries experiencing below-replacement birth rates ______.

A)is rising
B)is declining
C)outnumbers the countries experiencing above-replacement birth rates
D)reflects concerns about overpopulation

Question 30

Which of the following yields a rough estimate of future mortality, and therefore is not the preferred measure by demographers?

A)age-specific birth rate
B)crude birth rate
C)age-specific mortality rate
D)crude death rate

Question 31

Who first argued that the world is overpopulated?

A)Paul Ehrlich
B)Karl Marx
C)Julian Simon
D)Thomas Malthus

Question 32

Which of the following is a major critique of the theory of the first demographic transition?

A)It describes a pattern observed in Western countries but not the developing world.
B)It overemphasizes economic factors that shape fertility decisions.
C)It does not account for the reduction in fertility that typically accompanies industrialization.
D)It does not account for periods of slow or no growth.

Question 33

The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate is a population's ______.

A)rate of natural increase
B)rate of natural decrease
C)mortality rate
D)fertility rate

Question 34

Of the following, who has the highest life expectancy at birth?

A)males in the Democratic Republic of Congo
B)females in Senegal
C)males in Mexico
D)females in Israel

Question 35

Which of the following outlines the theory of the first demographic transition?

A)(1) low or no growth from high fertility and high mortality > (2) explosive growth from high fertility and low mortality > (3) slow or no growth from low fertility and low mortality
B)(1) slow or no growth from low fertility and low mortality > (2) explosive growth from high fertility and low mortality > (3) low or no growth from high fertility and high mortality
C)(1) low or no growth from high fertility and high mortality > (2) slow or no growth from low fertility and low mortality > (3) explosive growth from high fertility and low mortality
D)(1) explosive growth from high fertility and low mortality > (2) low or no growth from high fertility and high mortality > (3) slow or no growth from low fertility and low mortality

Question 36

Which of the following is a criticism of the theory of the second demographic transition?

A)It underemphasizes broad changes in family patterns.
B)It underemphasizes the changing status of women.
C)It describes a pattern observed in developing countries, but not in Western countries.
D)It describes only a fraction of the world's population.

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of the second demographic transition?

A)decreased rates of divorce and cohabitation
B)increased rates of marriage and fertility
C)a rise in nonmarital births as a proportion of all births
D)a rise in the population's rate of natural increase (RNI)

Question 38

Which of the following is true of life expectancy?

A)The life expectancy at birth is higher for males than for females in almost all societies.
B)In the United States, the average life expectancy for males was 81 years, while it was 76 for females.
C)Women in San Marino rank at the top in terms of life expectancy.
D)By region, life expectancy is lowest in Western and Southern Europe.

Question 39

According to demographer Ron Lesthaeghe, which of the following factors accounts--at least in part--for the second demographic transition?

A)the rise of the Internet
B)lower rates of educational attainment
C)individual autonomy and female emancipation
D)an increased desire to seek fulfillment through family relationships

Question 40

According to demographers, which of the following is a country experiencing a second demographic transition?

A)Nigeria
B)Sweden
C)Afghanistan
D)Mexico

Question 41

Which of the following is true of the maldistribution of wealth in the world?

A)The living standards in the wealthiest countries are about five to six times greater than in the world's poorest countries.
B)Most of the world's resources and goods are consumed by Eastern Europe.
C)Most of the world's resources and goods are consumed by Asia.
D)The United States alone, home to 5% of the world's population, burns about a quarter of the globe's coal, oil, and natural gas.

Question 42

Julian Simon critiqued Malthus by asserting which of the following?

A)Malthus's assessment lacks nuance, it focuses too much on food scarcity.
B)Malthus's assessment underestimates the connection between population growth and human misery.
C)Malthus's assessment only applies to a certain subset of the population.
D)Malthus's assessment is completely incorrect, population growth has positive economic effects.

Question 43

Which of the following statements reflects a critique of Malthus's predictions?

A)There may be a carrying capacity of the planet.
B)World population cannot continue rapid growth indefinitely without consequences.
C)The limits of population growth have been reached.
D)The issue is not simply how much additional food will be required to feed more mouths.

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of the urban growth machine?

A)Affordable housing for low-income residents is available.
B)Police make efforts to get to know community members.
C)A real estate developer buys land in a neighborhood where property values are increasing.
D)A group of neighbors plants a community garden in an abandoned lot.

Question 45

Early urban sociologists based in Chicago mainly focused their studies on which types of urban phenomena?

A)social cohesion: integration, neighborhood ties, and subcultures
B)social problems: mental illness, crime, and juvenile delinquency
C)transportation and technology
D)space and the built environment

Question 46

What did Karl Marx cite as the cause of mass starvation and misery?

A)a mismatch between population size and resource availability
B)lack of technological progress
C)urbanization
D)unequal distribution of resources

Question 47

What is urbanization?

A)the sociological study of cities
B)those persons and institutions that have a stake in an increase in the value of urban land and that constitute a power elite in most cities
C)a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals
D)the concentration of people in urban areas

Question 48

Though early sociologists recognized that cities offered opportunities for individuality and creativity, they tended to focus on which of the following?

A)the misery of urban life
B)the novelty of urban life
C)the sense of community in urban life
D)the diversity of urban life

Question 49

Those who care more about the enjoyment of a neighborhood than the economic development of a neighborhood favor ______ over ______.

A)use value; exchange value
B)exchange value; use value
C)net value; gross value
D)gross value; net value

Question 50

During the rapid urbanization of the 19th century, Durkheim asserted that the ______ solidarity of traditional community life would be replaced with the ______ solidarity of modern societies.

A)organic; mechanical
B)mechanical; organic
C)agricultural; urban
D)simple; complex

Question 51

Which of the following refers to the people and institutions that have a stake in an increase in the value of urban land and constitute a power elite in most cities?

A)the glitterati
B)the bourgeoisie
C)the upper echelon
D)the urban growth machine

Question 52

Before the Industrial Revolution, the cities of the past had served primarily as centers of ______.

A)production
B)manufacturing
C)trade
D)organic solidarity

Question 53

Which of the following caused a radical growth in urbanization beginning in the 18th century?

A)Industrial Revolution
B)Agricultural Revolution
C)Information Revolution
D)American Revolution

Question 54

Which of the following is true of Marx's criticism of Malthus?

A)It hasn't stood the test of time.
B)It has stood the test of time because the world's resources have not yet run dry, but Marx underestimated the importance of population growth itself as a variable.
C)It has stood the test of time because the world's resources have not yet run dry, but Marx overestimated the importance of population growth itself as a variable.
D)It has stood the test of time, as population growth is not a variable.

Question 55

Which of the following is a term for the food beyond the amount required for immediate survival?

A)agribusiness
B)bounty
C)agricultural surplus
D)cash crop

Question 56

Malthus posited that although the world's population grows exponentially, the ______ does not.As a result, he believed doomsday was on the horizon.

A)human potential to solve population-related problems
B)availability of medical services
C)educational system
D)food supply

Question 57

Two thirds of employment growth in the United States has taken place in ______.

A)rural areas
B)the suburbs
C)cities
D)Chicago

Question 58

Exponential population growth refers to which of the following?

A)the tendency of population growth to continue beyond the point when replacement fertility has been achieved because of the high concentration of people of childbearing age
B)population growth that strains the resources of a given population to the point of widespread concern
C)a constant growth rate that is applied to a base that is continuously growing in size, producing a population that grows by an increasing amount with each passing year
D)population growth that spurs sudden rapid progress

Question 59

The rapid growth of ______ in the 1950s and the following decades represents one of the most dramatic population shifts in U.S.history.

A)cities
B)megacities
C)suburbs
D)information technology

Question 60

In his assessment of growth politics, Domhoff raises questions like "Who benefits from the gentrification of urban neighborhoods?" This question reflects which of the following sociological perspectives?

A)functionalism
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionism
D)feminist theory

Question 61

Which process is most likely to displace longtime low-income residents from their neighborhoods?

A)gentrification
B)population momentum
C)urban renewal
D)spatial mismatch

Question 62

Marx was the first person to state that the world is overpopulated.

Question 63

The majority of manufacturing in the United States today is in suburban areas.

Question 64

Which of the following is characteristic of the treadmill of production?

A)Environmental concerns take precedence over political and economic agendas.
B)It helps to explain the lack of urgency or mobilization in the face of environmental threats.
C)The need for a vigorous economy and a clean and sustainable environment are necessarily irreconcilable.
D)Governments do not have a stake in environmental concerns.

Question 65

Most scientists agree that global warming and climate change is the result of man-made CO₂ emissions.

Question 66

Which of the following is one of the four principal functions of global cities?

A)They reflect diverse cultural influences from around the world.
B)They serve as important historical and cultural centers.
C)They serve as major hubs for global air travel.
D)They serve as the principal markets for global businesses.

Question 67

The global population is evenly distributed over every country.

Question 68

China is the only country with a population of 1 billion.

Question 69

William Julius Wilson's term spatial mismatch is used to describe what phenomenon?

A)Urban job seekers find themselves geographically disconnected from suburban occupational opportunities.
B)Urban areas remain highly segregated despite efforts to integrate.
C)Suburban residents lack adequate transportation to reach urban job centers.
D)Public housing units are torn down without constructing an equal number of new units, resulting in affordable housing shortages.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of cities?

A)For the first time in history, there are more people living in megacities than anywhere else.
B)About 26.8% of people currently reside in a megacity.
C)About 40.2% of people currently reside in a megacity.
D)Projections indicate that about 8.7% will reside in a megacity by 2030.

Question 71

The life expectancy at birth is higher for males than females.

Question 72

Sudden modern progress is the result of advancement in living standards and technology.

Question 73

Where does the majority of the global consumer class live?

A)China and India
B)the United States and Canada
C)Western Europe
D)the southern hemisphere

Question 74

Those who actively use technology, purchase consumer goods, and embrace the culture of consumption are referred to as which of the following?

A)the global consumer class
B)the urban growth machine
C)the global elite
D)the bourgeoisie

Question 75

In countries such as Japan and Germany, many women are prioritizing education and jobs over childbearing.

Question 76

Which of the following is one of the health consequences of overconsumption?

A)wasting
B)diphtheria
C)obesity
D)malaria

Question 77

China's population growth is in large part a product of high population momentum.

Question 78

Which of the following is true about climate change concern in the United States?

A)Self-reported concern about climate change is at an 8-year low.
B)About a quarter of Americans indicate that they worry "a great deal" or a "fair amount" about global warming.
C)About half of Americans indicate that they worry "a great deal" or a "fair amount" about global warming.
D)The creeping nature of climate change leads some people to discount it as a serious problem.

Question 79

Recklessly wasteful of resources is also known as ______.

A)overproduction
B)overpopulation
C)overconsumption
D)famine

Question 80

Megacities are metropolitan areas or cities with a total population of ______ million or more.

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)100