Deck 18: Social Movements and Social Change

Question 1

Which of the following did sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf assert in his influential article "Out of Utopia" (1958)?

A)All societies will advance to the same final destination: a classless, stateless society.
B)The distribution of authority in society is a means of determining the probability of conflict.
C)Through the work of organic intellectuals, counterhegemonic ideas will emerge to challenge the dominant beliefs in society.
D)A society's path can be changed by a charismatic figure whose authority transcends institutionalized authority structures.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following theories could be used to justify modern societies conquering or colonizing the rest of the world?

A)conflict theories
B)rise-and-fall theories
C)evolutionary theories
D)cyclical theories

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists view social stability as a societal goal.Rather, they view ______ as a vital part of social life.

A)solidarity
B)hegemony
C)conflict
D)differentiation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Differentiation is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?

A)hegemonic ideas
B)cottage industries
C)interchangeable parts
D)division of labor

Question 5

Marx emphasized ______ as a source of power and conflict in society.

A)authority and its concentration or distribution
B)gender inequality
C)ideological hegemony
D)control of the means of production

Question 6

Which of the following describes collective behavior?

A)temporary gatherings of closely interacting people with a common focus
B)voluntary, goal-oriented action that occurs in relatively disorganized situations in which society's predominant social norms and values cease to govern individual behavior
C)norms that are situationally created to support a collective action
D)an illegal, prolonged outbreak of violent behavior by a sizable group of people directed against individuals or property

Question 7

Which of the following theories constituted the earliest functionalist theories of social change?

A)evolutionary theories
B)rise-and-fall theories
C)cyclical theories
D)contagion theories

Question 8

Which of the following do contagion theories assume?

A)Individual acts in a crowd are consciously copied.
B)A skilled leader can manipulate crowds into action.
C)Crowds are necessarily violent in nature.
D)Individuals within a crowd are mindful of their personal motivations.

Question 9

Which of the following theorists highlighted the importance of ideas in maintaining order and oppression in society, describing the role of ideological hegemony?

A)Karl Marx
B)Max Weber
C)Antonio Gramsci
D)Ralf Dahrendorf

Question 10

Which of the following do evolutionary theories of social change assume?

A)inevitable conflict as the product of divergent and perhaps irreconcilable social group interests and goals
B)unilinear development from simple or primitive to complex and civilized
C)a cycle of growth and decline
D)an unpredictable development affected by an endless array of factors

Question 11

In his rise-and-fall narrative, writer Cullen Murphy (2017) points out parallels between the ______ and the United States, noting a shared history of an overburdened and costly military, a deep sense of exceptionality, and a predilection toward denigrating other cultures.

A)Roman Empire
B)Soviet Union
C)United Nations
D)Ottoman Empire

Question 12

Considered by some to be a cyclical theorist, who emphasized the role of irrational elements (e.g., the appearance of a charismatic figure) in shaping human behavior?

A)Paul Kennedy
B)Karl Marx
C)Pitirim Sorokin
D)Max Weber

Question 13

Which of the following theories of social change finds commonality with the religious myths of many cultures?

A)functionalist theories
B)conflict theories
C)rise-and-fall theories
D)contagion theories

Question 14

Which of the following is true of the concept of social change?

A)It applies exclusively to small-group changes.
B)It applies exclusively to changes that occur throughout the social structure of an entire society.
C)It is all-encompassing, but typically applies to changes that occur throughout the social structure of an entire society.
D)It is defined as the globalization of revolutionary ideas.

Question 15

Herbert Spencer argued that ______ distinguishes modern societies.

A)social change
B)differentiation
C)mechanical solidarity
D)rise-and-fall growth and decline

Question 16

Which of the following best describes hegemony?

A)a process where modern roles become distinct from traditional roles
B)dominant ideas that lead people to consent to their own domination
C)conflict over who controls the means of production
D)a process where societies become more complicated systems that are better adapted to their external environments

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of a conflict-oriented understanding of social change?

A)Societal change should be prevented.
B)Conflict is an inherent result of the divergent interests of social groups.
C)Social change moves at a steady gradual pace.
D)Social change benefits everyone.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the sociological study of crowds and collective behavior more generally?

A)Sociologists have very recently become interested in the behavior of people in crowds.
B)Sociologists originally focused on the evolution of crowds into social movements.
C)More recently, sociologists have focused on the herdlike behavior of crowds.
D)There are three principal sociological theories used to study collective behavior: contagion theories, emergent norm theories, and value-added theories.

Question 19

Pitirim Sorokin argued that societies alternate between three different kinds of mentalities: those that emphasize primacy of the senses, those that emphasize ______, and those that emphasize logic and reason.

A)emotional intelligence
B)military power
C)religiosity
D)charismatic leadership

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of ideological hegemony?

A)the belief, in antebellum America, that African slaves were mentally inferior
B)the belief that women should have a voice in politics
C)the belief that all children have a right to an education
D)the belief that the education system reproduces inequality

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a rumor?

A)the idea that the broadcast of War of the Worlds convinced thousands that Martians had landed in New Jersey
B)the idea that body disfigurement instills horror in a segment of the population
C)the idea that computer systems worldwide would crash when the year 2000 began
D)the idea that the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are planting listening devices in everyone's homes

Question 22

Contagion theorist Herbert Blumer (1951) emphasized the role of ______ in crowds.

A)norms and values
B)individual action and thought
C)raw imitation
D)rationality

Question 23

Air Jordans, which were first released in 1989, remain popular today.They are an example of a ______.

A)fad
B)panic
C)fashion
D)social movement

Question 24

Which of the following theories of social change accounts for macro-level factors that may explain the emergence of collective behavior?

A)value-added theory
B)emergent norm theory
C)conflict theory
D)contagion theory

Question 25

An intense attraction to an object, person, or activity is known as a ______.

A)fad
B)craze
C)mass obsession
D)riot

Question 26

Which of the following was or is an example of a panic?

A)the Y2K problem
B)the Boston Tea Party
C)body disfigurement
D)virtual pet toys

Question 27

A massive flight from something feared is known as a ______.

A)craze
B)riot
C)panic
D)migration

Question 28

Which of the following is true of rumors?

A)Those who transmit them often project their own beliefs or fears onto them.
B)They are typically transmitted formally.
C)They usually originate from a known source.
D)As rumors are transmitted, the degree of alteration is lowest for rumors that trigger strong emotions.

Question 29

Which of the following is a critique of the emergent norm approach?

A)Crowds develop norms that govern their actions.
B)Crowds often emerge out of shared sets of norms among the participants.
C)It overemphasizes the part that people's reactions play in collective behavior.
D)Copycat behavior may occur in a group, but an explanation limited to this factor is unlikely to fully account for collective behavior.

Question 30

______ norms are those that are situationally created to support a collective action.

A)Social
B)Emergent
C)Contagious
D)Active

Question 31

Unverified forms of information that are transmitted informally, usually originating from an unknown source, are known as ______.

A)rumors
B)gossip
C)anecdotes
D)buzzes

Question 32

Which of the following theories regards human beings as the active makers of their own history?

A)conflict theory
B)social movement theory
C)rise-and-fall theory
D)evolutionary theory

Question 33

Which of the following was or is an example of a craze?

A)the Y2K problem
B)the Boston Tea Party
C)body disfigurement
D)flannel shirts

Question 34

Somewhat long-lasting styles of imitative behavior or appearance are known as ______.

A)fads
B)fashions
C)trends
D)crazes

Question 35

Debate over the extent to which high-profile suicides should be covered by the media acknowledge the role of ______ in the risk of suicide.

A)emergent norms
B)mechanical solidarity
C)contagion
D)social control

Question 36

Who developed the value-added approach to understanding collective behavior, identifying several micro-level and macro-level factors that contribute to collective behavior?

A)Max Weber
B)Herbert Blumer
C)Neil Smelser
D)Ralph H.Turner and Lewis M.Killian

Question 37

Which of the following distinguishes social movements from other efforts aimed at bringing about social change?

A)Their political activities are typically limited to lobbying and campaigning.
B)They include members with a diverse set of beliefs and opinions.
C)They include noninstitutionalized action.
D)They include a large number of people.

Question 38

Temporary, highly imitated outbreaks of mildly unconventional behavior are known as ______.

A)fashions
B)crazes
C)fads
D)riots

Question 39

Which of the following is true of riots?

A)They are often motivated by a conscious set of concerns, though in rare instances they are spontaneous.
B)During a riot, conventional norms are maintained.
C)The very use of the term riot to characterize a particular action is highly political.
D)They are mildly unconventional in nature.

Question 40

According to emergent norm theorists Ralph H.Turner and Lewis M.Killian (1987), which of the following is true of crowd behavior?

A)Even when crowd behavior appears chaotic, unconscious imitation explains the crowd's actions.
B)Crowd members mill around much like a group of animals.
C)Crowd behavior is very different from normal behavior.
D)Crowd members are mindful of their personal motivations.

Question 41

The NAACP is an example of a ______.

A)rebellion
B)social movement
C)utopian social movement
D)social movement organization

Question 42

Which of the following seek to withdraw from society by creating their own ideal communities?

A)utopian social movements
B)reformist social movements
C)reactionary social movements
D)revolutionary social movements

Question 43

Lisa worked every day for 8 months to pass a new policy providing discounted childcare for students with young children.She got many students to help with the initiative.However, there were some students who were not involved in the passing of the policy at all, but still benefited from Lisa's work.This is an example of which of the following?

A)conscience constituents
B)frame alignment
C)a reactionary social movement
D)the free rider problem

Question 44

Which of the following groups best illustrate a utopian social movement?

A)the Equal Rights Party
B)the Black Panther Party
C)the White Aryan Resistance
D)the Amish

Question 45

Gabriel's Conspiracy of 1800, an uprising of at least 1,000 slaves, is a historical example of a ______.

A)riot
B)reactionary social movement
C)rebellion
D)reformist social movement

Question 46

Which of the following seeks to bring about social change within the existing economic and political system?

A)reformist social movements
B)reactionary social movements
C)revolutionary social movements
D)utopian social movements

Question 47

Which of the following focuses on the ability of social movement organizations to generate money, membership, and political support to achieve their objectives?

A)emergent norm theory
B)resource mobilization theory
C)frame alignment theory
D)value-added theory

Question 48

Which of the following is true of the types of social movements?

A)They are classified according to their size and influence.
B)The categories are mutually exclusive.
C)There are three main types.
D)They represent ideal types.

Question 49

Resource alignment argues that since ______ are always present among some members of any society, these factors alone cannot explain the relative success of social movements.

A)diplomacy and negotiation
B)evolution and frame alignment
C)reaction and revolution
D)discontent and social strain

Question 50

Which of the following attempts to mobilize support among the ordinary members of society?

A)grassroots organizing
B)new school organizing
C)institutional organizing
D)lobbying

Question 51

Which of the following seek to fundamentally alter the existing social, political, and economic system in keeping with a vision of a new social order?

A)reformist social movements
B)reactionary social movements
C)revolutionary social movements
D)utopian social movements

Question 52

The Ku Klux Klan, the White Aryan Resistance, and other White supremacist organizations have long sought to return to a time in the United States when Whites held exclusive power.As such, they are part of a ______ social movement.

A)utopian
B)reformist
C)reactionary
D)revolutionary

Question 53

Early civil rights activism focused on registering southern Blacks to vote is an example of ______ activities.

A)reactionary
B)utopian
C)reformist
D)revolutionary

Question 54

______ seek to overthrow the existing social, political, and economic systems but lack detailed plans for a new social order.

A)Riots
B)Rebellions
C)Crazes
D)Grassroots organizations

Question 55

Black Panthers arming themselves against what they viewed to be a hostile police presence is an example of a ______ activity.

A)reactionary
B)utopian
C)reformist
D)revolutionary

Question 56

Which of the following are formal organizations that seek to achieve social change through noninstitutionalized forms of political action?

A)resource mobilization coalitions
B)social movements
C)social movement organizations
D)free rider programs

Question 57

Utopian movements based on ______ have proved to be more enduring than other types of utopian movements.

A)panics
B)religion
C)social philosophy
D)environmentalism

Question 58

Which of the following seeks to restore an earlier social system--often based on a mythical past--along with the traditional norms and values that once presumably accompanied it?

A)reformist social movements
B)utopian social movements
C)reactionary social movements
D)rebellion

Question 59

Which of the following is the most recent example of a social movement?

A)the Dreamer movement
B)the civil rights movement
C)the first-wave feminist movement
D)hashtag activism

Question 60

A person who does not support a social movement but benefits from its success demonstrates which concept?

A)differentiation
B)free rider problem
C)resource mobilization
D)value-added theory

Question 61

Activism is a key part of social movements.

Question 62

Social change can also refer to small-group changes, such as when a community's racial and ethnic composition changes.

Question 63

Anti-lynching activist Ida B.Wells, who wrote newspaper articles and editorials challenging White supremacy, would be considered an organic intellectual.

Question 64

Which of the following is the process by which the interests, understandings, and values of a social movement organization are shaped to match those in a wider society?

A)resource mobilization
B)reform
C)frame alignment
D)free rider problem

Question 65

Who are people who provide resources for a social movement organization by who are not themselves members of the aggrieved group that the organization champions?

A)grassroots organizers
B)free riders
C)conscience constituents
D)the global elite

Question 66

The National Coalition for the Homeless is comprised primarily of which of the following?

A)free riders
B)conscience constituents
C)hashtag activists
D)frame aligners

Question 67

According to most sociologists, seemingly innocuous events that spark a group response are just that: innocuous and meaningless.

Question 68

Which of the following is fundamentally concerned with the quality of private life, often advocating large-scale cultural changes in the way people think and act?

A)new social movements
B)revolutionary social movements
C)utopian social movements
D)reactionary social movements

Question 69

Evolutionary theories were often used to justify imperialism, colonization, and the conquering of "primitive" societies by more "civilized" nations.

Question 70

Groups trying to raise awareness of climate change often are loosely organized and register their concerns online and through other media.This reflects which of the following aspects of new social movements?

A)New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.
B)People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.
C)Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.
D)The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Question 71

While Gramsci emphasized control of the means of production as a source of power and conflict, Marx highlighted the control of dominant ideas.

Question 72

According to the historical models of Paul Kennedy, the growth of U.S.military power and its subsequent economic problems may signal its societal decline.

Question 73

Which of the following is true of grassroots organizing?

A)It uses a top-down approach that attempts to garner support among top political officials.
B)It largely involves people who will receive no direct benefit from any change that occurs.
C)It is more interested in raising and spending money than in pushing for change.
D)It may use tactics such as leafleting, door-to-door canvassing, and mass demonstrations.

Question 74

The phrase "Think globally, act locally" reflects which of the following aspects of new social movements?

A)New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.
B)People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.
C)Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.
D)The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Question 75

LGBT movements have provided safe havens for members in addition to pursuing social change.This reflects which of the following aspects of new social movements?

A)New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.
B)People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.
C)Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.
D)The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Question 76

In the information society, the production and ownership of knowledge are increasingly valuable.This reflects which of the following aspects of new social movements?

A)New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.
B)People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.
C)Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.
D)The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Question 77

The most renowned sociologist considered by some to be a cyclical theorist is Ralf Dahrendorf.

Question 78

Which of the following is true of new social movements?

A)They are always formally organized.
B)Members reject participation for its own sake; they are focused exclusively on achieving specific goals.
C)They strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.
D)They typically employ a bureaucratic organization.

Question 79

The #MeToo movement began as a means of encouraging survivors of sexual violence to give the world a sense of the problem, but later became an international movement, bringing awareness to the fact that millions of women (and men) have been victims of sexual assault and/or harassment.This is an example of which of the following?

A)the free rider problem
B)resource mobilization
C)grassroots organizing
D)frame alignment

Question 80

According to contagion theory, individual acts are consciously and intentionally copied until they explode into collective action.