Deck 12: Education and Society

Question 1

For much of human history education occurred ______.

A)privately
B)publicly
C)informally
D)formally

Answer 1

C

Question 2

______ is the transmission of society's norms, values, and knowledge base by means of direction instruction.

A)Socialization
B)Education
C)Culture
D)Cognition

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ability to read and write at a basic level is referred to as ______.

A)insight
B)proficiency
C)knowledge
D)literacy

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is a manifest function of mass public education?

A)learning to follow rules
B)learning to count
C)learning to show respect for authority
D)learning to organize one's life according to schedules

Question 5

Mass education is the extension of ______ schooling.

A)home
B)religious
C)private
D)formal

Question 6

According to contemporary functionalist perspectives, the propagation of norms and values is a ______ function of education.

A)manifest
B)primary
C)latent
D)secondary

Question 7

Which of the following is true of a credential society?

A)Access to good jobs depends on the possession of a certificate or a diploma.
B)Intelligence and skills are the most important factors in getting a job.
C)Credentials do not need to be socially validated.
D)Educational credentials have little impact on social and economic mobility.

Question 8

Which type of education is the norm in most modern and economically advanced or advancing societies?

A)religious education
B)informal education
C)mass education
D)military education

Question 9

Public education emerged in the United States in the ______ century.

A)17th
B)18th
C)19th
D)20th

Question 10

By the 18th century, the goal of education shifted to ______.

A)learning foreign languages
B)fostering critical thinking
C)cultivating practical and productive skills
D)providing religious education

Question 11

Universal education systems provided by the government and funded by tax revenues rather than student fees are referred to as ______.

A)public education
B)charter education
C)parochial education
D)municipal education

Question 12

Which of the following is true of U.S.public education in the 19th century?

A)Schooling was provided for all children.
B)Mass public schooling was segregated by gender and race.
C)Schools were funded by the federal government.
D)Schools for African Americans were segregated by law in all states.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of Émile Durkheim's perspective of education?

A)Education, as a complex institution, contributes to low social solidarity in society.
B)Education trains people in the skills and habits demanded by an oppressive economic system.
C)Education reproduces social stratification, limiting the discovery of talent.
D)Education addresses the problem of weak social solidarity by providing moral education.

Question 14

The U.S.Supreme Court ruled that school segregation is unconstitutional in what year?

A)1906
B)1954
C)1992
D)1971

Question 15

By the end of the 19th century, the average U.S.student achieved ______ years of schooling.

A)8
B)10
C)12
D)15

Question 16

Before ______ public education, most schooling was used to train upper-class males for business careers.

A)universal
B)formal
C)limited
D)credentialed

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of mass education?

A)the belief that education is a privilege
B)the exclusion of formal schooling from segments of the population
C)the elimination of private schools
D)the principal means of training workers and citizens

Question 18

Which of the following is a latent function of mass public education?

A)learning to read and write
B)learning to count
C)learning about the history of society
D)learning to organize one's life according to schedules

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a credential?

A)skill
B)intellect
C)a recommendation
D)a certificate

Question 20

Schools were originally established in the United States for which of the following purposes?

A)to train workers in a particular craft
B)to provide religious education
C)to promote critical thinking
D)to teach workplace habits and skills

Question 21

Which of the following statements reflects the conflict perspective of education?

A)Children learn how to become productive members of society.
B)Children are given educational opportunities based on social class.
C)Children are channeled into the positions for which they are best suited.
D)Children have equal opportunities to demonstrate their talents and abilities.

Question 22

On which of the following points do conflict and functionalist theorists agree?

A)Education sometimes undermines societal authority by promoting a critical approach to dominant ideas.
B)Education channels individuals into the positions for which they are best suited.
C)Education trains people in the dominant norms and values of society.
D)Education reproduces social inequality.

Question 23

According to the text, one study showed that ______ students received lower grades than their actual test scores.

A)Latino, Black, and White male
B)Latino, Black, and White female
C)Asian American and female
D)Asian American and Black male

Question 24

According to a recent study, which of the following was true of teacher expectations for Black students when it came to going to college?

A)Black teachers had higher expectations of Black students than of White students.
B)Black teachers and non-Black teachers had the same expectations of Black students and of White students.
C)Non-Black teachers had higher expectations of Black students than of White students.
D)Black teachers and non-Black teachers had higher expectations of White students than of Black students.

Question 25

According to the text, one study showed that ______ students were given higher grades than their actual test scores.

A)Asian American and female
B)Latino and female
C)Asian American and male
D)Latino and male

Question 26

Black students are ______ times more likely to be suspended than their White counterparts.

A)two
B)four
C)eight
D)ten

Question 27

Which of the following examples best represents word poverty?

A)a child who grows up in a home with few books
B)a child who grows up in a home filled with books and has parents who are teachers
C)a family where the parents do not speak English
D)a family where one parent is deaf

Question 28

Which of the following is true of Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis' 1976 book, Schooling in Capitalist America?

A)The authors argue that schools do a poor job of preparing people to function well and without complaint in society.
B)The authors used statistical data to show that economic status is passed on to children at least in part through unequal educational opportunity.
C)The authors argue that the modern school system is the product of the evolutionary perfection of democratic pedagogy.
D)The authors exposed inequities in student access to advanced placement classes.

Question 29

Word poverty is significant because it is linked to ______.

A)low literacy
B)high literacy
C)low numeracy
D)high numeracy

Question 30

Which of the following is a criticism of the symbolic interactionist perspective of education?

A)It ignores the power of labeling.
B)It focuses on macro-level forces, ignoring the power of social interaction.
C)It cannot give us a picture of the role of the educational system in society as a whole.
D)It focuses too intently on structural problems such as the unequal funding of schools.

Question 31

Black students are ______ times more likely to be expelled than their White counterparts.

A)two
B)four
C)eight
D)ten

Question 32

According to a recent study, when it came to going to college, Black teachers' expectations for Black students were ______ higher than non-Black teachers' expectations for Black students.

A)25%
B)30-40%
C)50%
D)60-70%

Question 33

A student is asked to write an essay on what he would like to be when he grows up.Unlike his parents, who work minimum wage jobs, the little boy would like to become a doctor to help other low-income families.His teacher tells him that his goal is unrealistic, and he should consider working at the local factory instead.This is an example of which of the following?

A)the functionalist theory of education
B)the conflict theory of education
C)the feminist theory of education
D)the symbolic interactionism theory of education

Question 34

Which of the following is a weakness of the functionalist perspective of education?

A)It ignores the manifest functions of education.
B)It does not explore peer socialization.
C)It overemphasizes the extent to which critical thinking can develop a capacity for self-direction in a student.
D)It ignores ways in which education may also function to reproduce social inequality.

Question 35

Every morning before class the teacher tells each of her students that they are smart and will succeed.As a result, each student tries hard to achieve good grades and eventually graduates.This is an example of which of the following?

A)the functionalist theory of education
B)the conflict theory of education
C)the feminist theory of education
D)the symbolic interactionism theory of education

Question 36

According to conflict theorists, the hidden curriculum does which of the following?

A)teaches members of the working class important skills for advancement
B)socializes members of the working class to accept their class positions
C)exposes children of all classes to equal opportunities
D)places less talented students into lower-level classes

Question 37

Which of the following factors is not linked to word poverty among children?

A)economic disadvantage
B)language-impoverished environments
C)limited access to books in the home
D)individual learning challenges, such as dyslexia

Question 38

A teacher in a history class tends to call on certain students over others.The group of students who continue to raise their hands but do not get called on score lower on tests and think they are not as smart as the others.This is an example of which of the following?

A)labeling
B)discrimination
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)cultural factors

Question 39

Which factor is most predictive of college success?

A)race
B)social class
C)teacher expectations
D)student expectations

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist approach to studying education?

A)analyzing data about the relationship between education status and income
B)observing how certain students perform in class after being labeled "exceptional"
C)studying patterns of racial segregation in public education
D)examining the reproduction of inequality in mass education

Question 41

Until the 1950s, school segregation was a result of ______ in the South and a result of residential segregation in the North.

A)automation
B)property taxes
C)Jim Crow laws
D)de facto segregation

Question 42

The Supreme Court ruled that laws segregating public schools are unconstitutional in the 1954 case ______.

A)Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka
B)Plessy v.Ferguson
C)Loving v.Virginia
D)Board of Education of Oklahoma City v.Dowell

Question 43

Which of the following is true of postgraduation employment in the wake of the Great Recession?

A)There has been a marked decline in job opportunities.
B)Increased competition for entry-level jobs may in part be explained by a backlog of college graduates (2009-2014) seeking employment.
C)The wages of young graduates (21-24) have fallen somewhat.
D)Notably, some unpaid internships have been converted into entry-level jobs due to backlash from the public.

Question 44

Which of the following is a reason why educational attainment has grown in importance in the postindustrial economy?

A)Living wage manufacturing jobs are no longer appealing to jobs seekers.
B)Living wage manufacturing jobs always require significantly higher levels of educational attainment.
C)Living wage manufacturing jobs have fallen victim to outsourcing and automation.
D)Living wage manufacturing jobs no longer exist.

Question 45

According to the Center on Education and the Workforce at Georgetown University, postsecondary education will ______ in the coming years.

A)become absolutely necessary
B)become more important
C)remain as important
D)become less important

Question 46

Which of the following racial groups experiences the highest levels of postgraduation unemployment?

A)Asian Americans
B)Latinos
C)Blacks
D)Whites

Question 47

On what basis did the Supreme Court rule laws segregating public schools unconstitutional?

A)by showing that segregated schools were not in fact equal
B)by showing that segregated schools violated First Amendment rights
C)by showing that segregated schools were the product of hate speech
D)by showing that segregated schools violated the Equal Protection Clause

Question 48

Which of the following racial groups is most likely to take on educational debt?

A)Asian Americans
B)Latinos
C)Blacks
D)Whites

Question 49

The 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the states' right to segregate public accommodations is known as ______.

A)Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka
B)Plessy v.Ferguson
C)Loving v.Virginia
D)Board of Education of Oklahoma City v.Dowell

Question 50

The current U.S.labor market is mostly made up of advanced professional occupations that require higher education and low-pay, low-benefit ______ jobs.

A)manufacturing
B)service
C)unionized
D)specialized

Question 51

Which of the following is one of the problems facing schools that operate under de facto school segregation?

A)high levels of competition and expectation
B)teachers with long tenures
C)low levels of teen pregnancy
D)peer pressure against academic achievement

Question 52

Which of the following contributes to high levels of racial segregation in U.S.schools today?

A)antidiscrimination laws
B)Jim Crow laws
C)de jure segregation
D)residential segregation

Question 53

Which of the following is true of school segregation in the United States?

A)School busing has been a highly successful method of achieving integration.
B)The Supreme Court continues to expand the scope of laws aimed at promoting integration.
C)School segregation is not linked to educational inequality.
D)The movement of middle- and upper-class Whites into suburban or outlying areas has worsened racial segregation.

Question 54

Which of the following was a challenge of school integration following Brown v.Board of Education?

A)Brown v.Board of Education did not clearly prohibit purposeful discrimination on the basis of race.
B)Brown v.Board of Education did not provide for specific methods to achieve school integration.
C)Brown v.Board of Education did not achieve enough civil support for it to be enforced.
D)Brown v.Board of Education was not followed by subsequent court decisions.

Question 55

In the United States today, nearly ______ of high school students move on to higher education.

A)25%
B)55%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 56

Education is increasingly important for job seekers due in large part to which of the following factors?

A)the transition to a postindustrial economy
B)the decrease in internship opportunities
C)the growth of online education
D)the hidden curriculum of gender norms

Question 57

Which of the following racial minority groups is least likely to attend segregated schools?

A)Asian Americans
B)Latinos
C)African Americans
D)American Indians

Question 58

What method of achieving school integration is known for worsening racial conflict in South Boston?

A)the implementation of educational vouchers
B)redistricting
C)revision of school funding formulas
D)mandated school busing

Question 59

Unlike a wealthy, White family who sends their children to a private school, a young Latino boy living in an economically disfranchised neighborhood has fewer academic opportunities because his public school is poorly funded.Which of the following best represents this example?

A)de jure segregation
B)de facto segregation
C)racial zoning
D)the realization of spatial justice

Question 60

Which of the following is true of school segregation today?

A)It no longer exists.
B)It still exists, but is not nearly as persistent of a problem as it was in the past.
C)It still exists at about the same level as it did in the 1950s.
D)It is a problem that is worsening today.

Question 61

Malcolm X argued for moral education.

Question 62

Which of the following is true of study abroad programs?

A)The percentage of U.S.students who study abroad has decreased.
B)The number of students from foreign countries coming to the United States to study has increased.
C)The top destinations for U.S.students are China, India, and Israel.
D)There is a decline in interest in the Middle East due to safety issues in the area.

Question 63

Part of the growth of academic interest in the Middle East has stemmed from ______.

A)the availability of Critical Language Scholarships
B)an increase in loan forgiveness programs
C)a decline in the number of students who want to work in the Foreign Service
D)a decline in the number of students who want to work for nongovernmental organizations

Question 64

Which of the following is true about internships?

A)It is more difficult for lower-income people to take unpaid internships.
B)Most internships offer stipends or pay.
C)Unpaid internships are being turned into paid entry-level jobs to provide a stepping-stone for students leaving school with degrees.
D)Universities and employers do not benefit from internships.

Question 65

Literacy is the basic ability to read and write.

Question 66

A credential society does not require formal education and a degree for employment.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of the United States' ranking in college degree attainment among 28 wealthy democratic countries?

A)At one time, the United States was ranked at the bottom of the list.
B)At one time, the United States was ranked at the top of the list.
C)The United States is currently ranked at the bottom of the list.
D)The United Sates is currently ranked at the top of the list.

Question 68

Teachers behave differently toward students who are thought to be expectational.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of college attainment in the United States?

A)With higher levels of college enrollment, college attainment levels have increased accordingly.
B)Despite higher levels of college enrollment, college attainment levels have remained flat.
C)Six-year completion rates are lowest at the most selective schools.
D)Six-year completion rates are highest at open-admission schools.

Question 70

Although access to books at home and early reading experiences are related to higher performance at the early grade level, the literacy gap is easily closed within the first 2 or 3 years of schooling.

Question 71

Which of the following is true of remedial classes?

A)Some of these courses are not credit bearing, lengthening the time needed to earn a degree.
B)These courses tend to be more expensive than standard course offerings.
C)These courses are designed to alleviate the cost of education by reducing the time needed to earn a degree.
D)These courses tend to be less expensive than standard course offerings.

Question 72

Which of the following is not a part of the criteria for the U.S.Department of Labor's official definition of a legal internship?

A)The internship is similar to training that would be given in an educational environment.
B)The intern does not displace a regular employee.
C)The intern is not financially compensated for her or his labor.
D)The intern is entitled to a job at the end of the internship.

Question 73

A 2014 survey of 43,000 graduating seniors found which of the following?

A)About 10% of graduating seniors have had an internship or a co-op experience in college.
B)About 35% of graduating seniors have had an internship or a co-op experience in college.
C)About 60% of graduating seniors have had an internship or a co-op experience in college.
D)About 95% of graduating seniors have had an internship or a co-op experience in college.

Question 74

Latino and Black students are more likely to attend segregated schools than in past decades.

Question 75

Which of the following was true among recent graduates living in OECD states after the economic crisis that began in 2008?

A)The most heavily affected workers were adults with a college education.
B)For those with a college education, unemployment rates grew only one percentage point between 2008 and 2009.
C)Those without higher education enjoyed substantially higher wages than their peers with more education.
D)Education matters in some OECD states, but not all.

Question 76

Free public education emerged out of demands made by labor unions in the 19th century.

Question 77

How does part-time attendance affect the probability of degree attainment?

A)Part-time attendance increases the probability of degree attainment.
B)Part-time attendance does not affect the probability of degree attainment.
C)Part-time attendance decreases the probability of degree attainment.
D)Researchers are unsure how part-time attendance affects the probability of degree attainment.

Question 78

Eighty percent of Black students are burdened by student loan debt.

Question 79

Schools in the United States typically reinforce traditional gender roles.

Question 80

Which of the following is true of college enrollment in the United States?

A)Less than half of high school graduates in the United States today go to college.
B)The number of high school graduates in the United States who go to college has decreased steadily over the years.
C)Students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds are enrolling in college at high rates.
D)Education is less critical for competitiveness in the job market than it has been in the past.