Deck 9: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Until 1968, it was legal to use ______ to prevent White homeowners from selling their homes to Black buyers.

A)voter ID laws
B)gerrymandering
C)restrictive covenants
D)literacy tests

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The practice of separating people spatially or socially on the basis of race or ethnicity is referred to as ______.

A)apartheid
B)genocide
C)segregation
D)expulsion

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is true of apartheid and segregation in South Africa?

A)Apartheid has existed in South Africa since the 1990s.
B)White, Black, and colored populations in South Africa now live equally.
C)Segregation is an extreme form of apartheid.
D)South African communities are still highly segregated.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a minority group in the United States?

A)Asian Americans
B)Native Americans
C)White Americans
D)African Americans

Question 5

Which of the following is true of ethnicity?

A)Race and ethnicity are unrelated.
B)Ethnicity is based entirely on self-identification; acknowledgement or acceptance by a larger group is unnecessary.
C)Ethnicity is socially significant.
D)An ethnic group is a group of people who share a set of characteristics (usually physical characteristics) deemed by society as socially significant.

Question 6

Throughout much of the 20th century, sociologists who studied minorities, race, and ethnicity assumed which of the following?

A)The ultimate destiny of most minorities was assimilation.
B)Migrant groups would resist assimilation.
C)The ultimate destiny of the United States was cultural pluralism.
D)Migrant groups would want to retain their unique traditions and beliefs.

Question 7

______ are less powerful groups who are discriminated and dominated by more powerful groups.

A)Majorities
B)Racial groups
C)Cultural groups
D)Minorities

Question 8

______ refers to the absorption of minority groups into dominant culture.

A)Assimilation
B)Cultural pluralism
C)Functionalism
D)Acculturation

Question 9

In cultural pluralism, the coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups is characterized by which of the following?

A)forced segregation
B)pressure to assimilate
C)prejudice and discrimination
D)acceptance of one another's differences

Question 10

Which of the following is a reason why segregation persists in the United States?

A)Laws outlawing segregation by income are not always followed.
B)It is legal and commonplace for real estate agents, landlords, and lenders to consider race in home rental and sale decisions.
C)White residents sometimes move out of neighborhoods when minority residents move in.
D)Many cities are not racially and ethnically diverse.

Question 11

Students from inner-city schools tend to have lower standardized tests scores than their peers who attend suburban public schools.This difference is most likely a consequence of which of the following?

A)pollution
B)segregation
C)intelligence
D)social behavior

Question 12

A teacher believes that all students from a particular country of origin are troublemakers.This prejudice is based on ______.

A)gender
B)culture
C)class
D)ethnicity

Question 13

Minority status is determined by ______.

A)race and ethnicity
B)power and status
C)culture
D)social class

Question 14

Which of the following is associated with living in a segregated minority neighborhood?

A)higher quality schools
B)lower proximity to hazardous-waste facilities
C)fewer instances of food deserts
D)higher rates of poverty

Question 15

A group's characteristics associated with national origin, language, and cultural and religious practices are referred to as ______.

A)culture
B)race
C)ethnicity
D)nationality

Question 16

As stated in the text, race is a ______.

A)scientific concept
B)social construct
C)biological concept
D)synonym for ethnicity

Question 17

The process of forcibly removing people from one area to another is referred to as ______.

A)genocide
B)expulsion
C)segregation
D)cultural pluralism

Question 18

A family from Tunisia recently moved to the United States.They only speak French, but the parents want their children to only speak English.This is an example of which of the following?

A)accommodation
B)functionalism
C)assimilation
D)socialism

Question 19

______ infiltrated every aspect of living, including trains, water fountains, and schools.

A)Sexism
B)Explosion
C)Restrictive covenants
D)Segregation

Question 20

Which of the following is generally true of minorities?

A)They are always fewer in number than the dominant group.
B)Minorities are always distinguished by physical and cultural attributes that make them recognizable to the dominant group.
C)Minority status is always determined by access to power, status, and resources.
D)Minorities invariably experience expulsion.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of stereotypes?

A)They do not serve a function for any group.
B)They are usually correct.
C)They are applied to just a few members of any group.
D)They offer a way for human beings to organize and categorize the social world.

Question 22

Which of the following would be considered the most tolerant policy used toward a minority group?

A)assimilation
B)segregation
C)cultural pluralism
D)expulsion

Question 23

In the late 19th century, Irish immigrants were portrayed by the media as poor, superstitious, and drunken.How would Goffman categorize this bias?

A)as accommodation
B)as stigmatization
C)as assimilation
C)as justification

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

A)Federal Housing Administration manuals that redlined White neighborhoods as too "high risk" for lending.
B)Underwriting practices that result in Black families with good credit being offered prime loans.
C)A landlord who does not return phone calls to people with last names that "sound" Latino.
D)Check-cashing and payday loan establishments outnumbering accredited banking institutions in poor, urban neighborhoods.

Question 25

A culturally pluralistic society most resembles which of the following?

A)a melting pot
B)a single cultural soup
C)a salad bowl
D)a sandwich

Question 26

From a conflict perspective, which of the following is an explanation for why racism endures?

A)Discrimination ensures that those with the most perseverance and hardest work ethic fill the most important roles.
B)Relying on stereotypes helps people navigate the world more efficiently.
C)Policies that encourage integration or diversity are ineffective and ill advised.
D)Whether consciously or unconsciously, Whites benefit from a system that puts people of color at a disadvantage.

Question 27

Which of the following represents an aspect of historical racism that provided a function to American society?

A)the separation of different ethnic groups for profit
B)the use of slaves to develop the economy
C)the need for workers who did not have power or status
D)the introduction of a social hierarchy

Question 28

Prejudices are ______.

A)acts of physical violence
B)inflexible attitudes toward others
C)subject to change on the basis of evidence
D)easy to overcome

Question 29

Which of the following is a key assumption of functionalism?

A)If a social phenomenon exists and persists, it serves a positive function is society.
B)Racism offers a justification for racial inequality.
C)The stigmatized identity is an inevitable part of social interaction.
D)Instability characterizes social groupings.

Question 30

Which of the following would Louis Wirth note as a characteristic of minority groups?

A)Membership in the minority group is voluntary.
B)Minority status is defined by numbers.
C)Minorities have opportunity with hard work.
D)Societal reaction to minority groups is conditioned.

Question 31

A(n) ______ is an attribute that discredits individuals because it overshadows positive attributes and merits the individual may possess.

A)stereotype
B)stigma
C)scapegoat
D)impurity

Question 32

White Americans thinking all African Americans are gang members is an example of ______.

A)prejudice
B)stereotyping
C)racism
D)classism

Question 33

Which of the following is true of Durkheim's beliefs regarding group solidarity?

A)Durkheim believed that social groups based on diversity are more durable.
B)Durkheim believe that social groups based on organic solidarity are more durable.
C)Durkheim believed that social groups based on interdependence are more durable.
D)Durkheim believe that social groups based on homogeneity are more durable.

Question 34

Interactions between those who are stigmatized and those who are members of the dominant, nonstigmatized group are referred to as ______.

A)stigma-dominant interactions
B)mixed contacts
C)mixed interactions
D)diversified contacts

Question 35

Which of the following is characteristic of discrimination?

A)It is unintentional.
B)It does not benefit any group.
C)It allows all groups access to valued resources.
D)It can be individual or institutionalized.

Question 36

Adrienne believes that all Italian men are scheming Mafiosi.This is an example of which of the following?

A)racism
B)stigmatization
C)stereotyping
D)individual discrimination

Question 37

______ is the idea that one racial or ethnic group is superior to the other.

A)Stereotyping
B)Racism
C)Stigma
D)Prejudice

Question 38

______ discrimination refers to overt and intentional unequal treatment, often based on prejudicial beliefs.

A)Institutional
B)Hidden
C)Individual
D)Overt

Question 39

Which of the following represents the behavior of a society practicing cultural pluralism?

A)having everyone celebrate Christmas
B)celebrating different ethnic holidays
C)refusing to celebrate any holiday
D)recognizing the most predominant holidays

Question 40

Those who stereotype would likely regard people on welfare as ______.

A)members of society in need of help
B)undeserving and lazy
C)people down on their luck
D)people in lower socioeconomic statuses

Question 41

Which of the following is true of race and ethnicity in Hollywood?

A)In 2018, there were very few African American Oscar nominees.
B)Some celebrities boycotted the 2016 Oscars in response to the marginalization of actors of color.
C)The long-standing practice of casting White actors to play minorities in films was banned by the Academy in 2010.
D)The Academy has not yet formally acknowledged the racial and ethnic inequities in the industry.

Question 42

Maria is a Latina who applies for a home loan.The loan is denied even though she has very good credit and income.Connor, who is White, has same credit and income applies for a home loan and is approved.Which of the following has occurred?

A)individual discrimination
B)institutional discrimination
C)prejudice
D)stereotyping

Question 43

A recent study that analyzed responses to potential housing providers on Craigslist found that "White-sounding" names were more likely to get multiple responses than those with "ethnic" names.The author calls this a new form of ______.

A)digitally enabled discrimination
B)institutional discrimination
C)racial profiling
D)White flight

Question 44

Which of the following has happened to reservations as a result of federal policy and forced displacements?

A)They are among the poorest regions of the United States.
B)They have been developed into highly productive farmland.
C)They are the focus of lucrative federal policy lawsuits.
D)They contain some of the most populated urban areas in the country.

Question 45

Which of the following is a health outcome associated with prejudice and discrimination?

A)lower rates of chronic illnesses
B)higher birth rates
C)higher rates of disability
D)lower rates of obesity

Question 46

Since the 1960s, which of the following has been a focus of Native American activists?

A)to increase the number of reservations
B)to force the U.S.government to honor treaties and improve their living conditions
C)to seize federal land
D)to run for state political office

Question 47

Which of the following is the most influential predictor of women's health?

A)age
B)income
C)education
D)race

Question 48

Demographers predict that ______ will constitute a numeric majority nationwide by the year 2040.

A)Whites
B)non-Whites
C)immigrants
D)Asians

Question 49

Which of the following is one of the key rights of U.S.citizenship?

A)voting
B)home ownership
C)wealth
D)military service

Question 50

Li and his fiancé try to order a wedding cake from a local bakery, but the owner refuses to take their order because they are a gay couple.This is an example of ______.

A)discrimination
B)racism
C)prejudice
D)stereotyping

Question 51

Anthropologists estimate that European ______ decimated the American Indian population from roughly 20 million to 600,000 people.

A)expulsion
B)genocide
C)segregation
D)assimilation

Question 52

Which of the following is the primary source of population growth in the United States?

A)migration
B)new births
C)assimilation
D)discrimination

Question 53

Which type of offenders make up a large portion of the prison population?

A)sex offenders
B)violent offenders
C)nonviolent offenders
D)juvenile offenders

Question 54

Michelle Alexander would attribute low rates of voting participation among young African American men to ______.

A)a lack of Internet access
B)low levels of campaign spending
C)high rates of felony convictions
D)apathy within this demographic group

Question 55

Which of the following groups was harmed most by subprime lending that led to foreclosures in 2008?

A)Asian Americans
B)Hispanics
C)African Americans
D)Whites

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

A)Jim Crow Laws
B)civil laws
C)criminal laws
D)stereotyping

Question 57

Discrimination against African Americans and women were first institutionalized in ______.

A)Plessy v.Ferguson
B)the Civil Rights Act
C)Brown v.Board of Education
D)the Constitution of the United States

Question 58

Various state laws that prohibit incarcerated inmates, parolees, people on probation, and ex-felons from voting are referred to as ______.

A)disenfranchisement
B)political marginalization
C)ex-offender treatises
D)conditions of parole

Question 59

The goal of ______ is to view medical statistics through the lens of social science.

A)biostatistics
B)social demography
C)social epidemiology
D)medical ethics

Question 60

According to Arline Geronimus, what factor explains the low birth weight of children of Black women?

A)negative health behaviors
B)social stressors
C)biological abnormalities
D)prenatal care

Question 61

Discrimination can be both intentional and unintentional.

Question 62

Which of the following is a characteristic of the impact of Jim Crow laws?

A)Northern legislators became a majority in the political system.
B)Voting rights changed to be more inclusive.
C)African Americans were effectively denied even a basic education.
D)African Americans were trapped in the rural South.

Question 63

Segregated neighborhoods are more likely to experience hazardous waste and pollution.

Question 64

Expulsion occurs when a child is removed from the class because the child is ill.

Question 65

Which of the following is a characteristic of Latinos/as?

A)They are a homogenous group with roots in Mexico.
B)The Spanish language is a major part of their ethnic heritage.
C)Because of immigration barriers, they are the slowest growing minority group in the United States.
D)Their acceptance by the dominant U.S.culture is increasing significantly.

Question 66

The greatest gains in the African American community have been in ______.

A)economic power
B)political power
C)social power
D)educational power

Question 67

Which racial-ethnic group was forcibly placed in internment camps during WWII?

A)Blacks
B)Mexicans
C)Japanese
D)Latinos/Latinas

Question 68

Genetic variation contributes to racial differences in intelligence, artistic talent, athletic talent, and social skills.

Question 69

Mexicans and Cubans are considered part of which of the following groups?

A)White
B)Black
C)Asian
D)Latinos/Latinas

Question 70

Women in the United States are considered a minority even though they typically outnumber men.

Question 71

Certain social or economic benefits or advantages that come with being White that often go unrecognized are referred to as ______.

A)manifest destiny
B)White opportunity
C)reverse racism
D)White privilege

Question 72

The process of expulsion was used by White settlers to gain more land in the United States.

Question 73

Stereotypes are often used to justify the exploitation of a minority group.

Question 74

Race is a social construct but has real life consequences.

Question 75

Racism cannot be positively functional for a society because by definition, it marginalizes some members of the group.

Question 76

What was the effect of an 1808 federal law ending the law of enslaved people to the United States?

A)Slavery was outlawed in the United States.
B)The internal slave trade grew.
C)Slave revolts became less common.
D)The treatment of slaves improved.

Question 77

Which of the following is considered the largest minority group in the United States?

A)Native Americans
B)African Americans
C)Latinos/as
D)Whites

Question 78

Most members of today's Arab American population in the United States were born in which country?

A)Saudi Arabia
B)Syria
C)Palestine
D)United States

Question 79

Arab Americans, on average, have attained higher levels of education and income than the general population.For this reason, some have labeled the ethnic group a(n) ______ minority.

A)economic
B)cultural
C)professional
D)model

Question 80

White people are more likely to live in majority White neighborhoods than Black people are to live in majority Black neighborhoods.