Deck 3: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

The smallest living things are

A) proteins.
B) cells.
C) tissues.
D) organs.
E) organ systems.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If someone sweats profusely and loses large amounts of water, the result will be that the blood plasma becomes ________ to the cells.

A) hypertonic
B) isotonic
C) hypotonic
D) osmotic
E) none of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Structurally, the plasma membrane

A) contains some imbedded proteins.
B) is composed of a bilayer of lipids.
C) contains some carbohydrate molecules.
D) contains some small holes, or pores.
E) all of the above

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through

A) transport proteins.
B) receptor proteins.
C) lipid channels.
D) anchor proteins.
E) all of the above

Question 5

The process that occurs when a physical pressure pushes materials through a barrier is called

A) diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) filtration.
E) active transport.

Question 6

The cell membrane

A) is a watery gel in which structures are suspended.
B) contains the powerhouse of the cell.
C) is the central government of the cell.
D) protects the cell and acts as a filter.
E) carries the cell's hereditary information.

Question 7

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?

A) Cells are the basic structural unit of life.
B) Tissues are the site of control.
C) Organelles are the basic functional unit of life.
D) Cells are produced by meiosis.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 8

The process by which molecules such as oxygen are moved into cells along their concentration gradient directly through the cell membrane is called

A) osmosis.
B) diffusion.
C) active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) exocytosis.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the membrane proteins called transport proteins?

A) They bind to specific extracellular molecules to trigger a cellular change.
B) They regulate the passage of ions.
C) They are enzymes.
D) They serve as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane.
E) They are used as a source of energy.

Question 10

Crenation occurs when a blood cell is placed in a(n)

A) isotonic solution.
B) hypertonic solution.
C) hypotonic solution.
D) holotonic solution.
E) none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

A) continuation of the cytoplasm with the extracellular fluid
B) a free passageway for materials to the environment
C) sensitivity to changes in the extracellular fluid
D) enzyme production
E) controlling movement into the nucleus

Question 12

Which of the following terms is used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium?

A) cell wall
B) cell layer
C) plasma membrane
D) cell boundary
E) All of the above are used.

Question 13

A solution with a lower-than-normal osmotic pressure is referred to as a(n)

A) isotonic solution.
B) hypertonic solution.
C) hypotonic solution.
D) holotonic solution.
E) none of the above

Question 14

A solution that contains a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell is called

A) holotonic.
B) hypertonic.
C) isotonic.
D) hypotonic.
E) semitonic.

Question 15

The watery medium inside a cell is known as

A) cytosol.
B) protoplasm.
C) extracellular fluid.
D) cytoplasm.
E) a colloidal gel.

Question 16

The classes of membrane proteins that recognize extracellular structures are called

A) receptor proteins.
B) channel proteins.
C) carrier proteins.
D) anchor proteins.
E) identifier proteins.

Question 17

The phosphate group of a phospholipid is

A) hydrophobic.
B) hydrophilic.
C) polar.
D) nonpolar.
E) both B and C

Question 18

The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration is known as

A) osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) filtration.

Question 19

Cell membranes allow certain molecules to pass, while blocking others. This property is called

A) impermeable.
B) freely permeable.
C) selectively permeable.
D) actively permeable.
E) none of the above

Question 20

Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane with the same properties as a cell membrane. Solution A is 5 percent glucose and solution B is 10 percent glucose. Under these circumstances,

A) water will move from solution A to solution B.
B) water will move from solution B to solution A.
C) glucose will move from solution A to solution B.
D) glucose will move from solution B to solution A.
E) at equilibrium the concentration of glucose will be higher in solution B.

Question 21

When ions are moved across the cell membrane,

A) a concentration gradient may be established.
B) an electrical gradient may be established.
C) an osmotic gradient may be established.
D) both A and B occur.
E) all of the above may occur.

Question 22

Which of the following are cylindrical extensions of the plasma membrane?

A) microfilaments
B) cilia
C) thick filaments
D) microtubules
E) all of the above

Question 23

Which of these is an example of carrier-mediated transport?

A) active transport
B) facilitated diffusion
C) endocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) both A and B are correct.

Question 24

Carrier molecules are located within the

A) cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane.
C) phospholipid bilayer.
D) lipid droplets.
E) chromosomes.

Question 25

Synthesis of most ATP takes place in the

A) ribosomes.
B) rough ER.
C) smooth ER.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) mitochondria.

Question 26

Protein production is a function of the

A) microtubules.
B) mitochondria.
C) rough ER.
D) ribosomes.
E) Golgi apparatus.

Question 27

The process by which vesicles containing fluid are formed on the surface of a cell for transport into the cell is called

A) pinocytosis.
B) phagocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
E) none of the above

Question 28

Flagella move a cell through a fluid medium. What moves the flagellum?

A) centrioles
B) thick filaments
C) cilia
D) microtubules
E) endoplasmic reticula

Question 29

Most intracellular vesicles are formed by

A) the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) the Golgi apparatus.
C) lysosomes.
D) mitochondria.
E) nucleoli.

Question 30

The process of binding a specific molecule then bringing it into the cell in a vesicle is called

A) exocytosis.
B) transcytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
E) pinocytosis.

Question 31

Tubulin is to microtubules as myosin is to

A) ribosomes.
B) microfilaments.
C) actin.
D) flagella.
E) microvilli.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

A) It is an example of active transport.
B) It causes the output of cellular energy in the form of ATP.
C) It moves sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.
D) It is only found in muscle cells.
E) It maintains sodium at equal intracellular and extracellular levels.

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle?

A) lysosomes
B) cilia
C) centrioles
D) ribosomes
E) cytoskeleton

Question 34

The release of intracellular materials by a vesicle at the cell surface is called

A) osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) exocytosis.
D) endocytosis.
E) an ion exchange pump.

Question 35

A process that requires ATP energy to move a substance independently of its concentration gradient is called

A) active transport.
B) passive transport.
C) facilitated transport.
D) osmosis.
E) diffusion.

Question 36

Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that facilitated diffusion

A) expends no ATP.
B) moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
C) is dependent on carrier molecules.
D) never eliminates the concentration gradient.
E) is independent of carrier molecules.

Question 37

The largest components of the cytoskeleton are

A) microfilaments.
B) microtubules.
C) proteins.
D) myosin.
E) all of the above

Question 38

Most of the proteins located in the plasma membrane are produced in the

A) ribosomes.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) mitochondria.
E) Golgi apparatus.

Question 39

The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by interacting with a carrier molecule is an example of

A) osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) filtration.

Question 40

The folds of the internal membrane within mitochondria are called

A) cristae.
B) cytosol.
C) cytoplasm.
D) matrix.
E) none of the above

Question 41

If a cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to

A) move.
B) produce DNA.
C) divide.
D) synthesize proteins.
E) metabolize sugars.

Question 42

Which molecule carries an amino acid to the site of protein synthesis?

A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) mRNA
D) zRNA
E) microRNA

Question 43

Which of the following consists of a network of flattened membranes and vesicles?

A) rough ER
B) smooth ER
C) mitochondria
D) nucleoli
E) Golgi apparatus

Question 44

The nucleus controls the synthesis of which of the following molecules?

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) phospholipids
E) none of the above

Question 45

The process of synthesizing an mRNA chain through the use of DNA molecules is called

A) transcription.
B) replication.
C) RNA matching.
D) differentiation.
E) translation.

Question 46

The coils of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are called

A) nucleoplasms.
B) chromatin.
C) mitochondria.
D) nucleolemmas.
E) nucleoli.

Question 47

Three base sequences that indicate a specific amino acid on mRNA are called

A) chromosomes.
B) triplets.
C) codons.
D) anticodons.
E) none of the above

Question 48

When activated, lysosomes may function in

A) the formation of new cell membranes.
B) the synthesis of proteins.
C) apoptosis.
D) the synthesis of lipids.
E) cell division.

Question 49

The process of forming a polypeptide from mRNA instructions is called

A) replication.
B) transcription.
C) translation.
D) ribolation.
E) protein synthesis.

Question 50

The cell's RNA is produced by the

A) ribosomes.
B) nucleolus.
C) lysosomes.
D) nucleus.
E) Golgi apparatus.

Question 51

The peroxisome

A) is a vesicle containing enzymes.
B) catabolizes fats.
C) catabolizes cellular toxins.
D) may catabolize organic compounds that are not fats.
E) all of the above

Question 52

Which of the following contains a double membrane?

A) mitochondrion
B) nucleus
C) Golgi body
D) vesicles
E) both A and B

Question 53

As each codon binds at the active site of a ribosome, it interacts with another molecule. This molecule is called

A) DNA.
B) mRNA.
C) ribosomal RNA.
D) tRNA.
E) rough ER.

Question 54

Cilia are found

A) mostly in muscle cells.
B) on the inside of cell membranes.
C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones.
D) in cells that are required to move a fluid medium along their surface.
E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.

Question 55

Transcription occurs in the

A) mitochondrion.
B) cytoplasm.
C) vesicles.
D) Golgi body.
E) nucleus.

Question 56

Which of the following is a function or property of the mitochondria?

A) ATP production
B) physical isolation
C) regulation of exchange with the environment
D) sensitivity
E) structural support

Question 57

Examination of a sample of cells reveals large numbers of mitochondria compared to most other cells. Which of the following is a likely reason for this?

A) The cells produce digestive enzymes.
B) The cells produce steroid hormones.
C) The cells have very high energy requirements.
D) The cells synthesize transport proteins.
E) The cells make antibodies.

Question 58

The control center for gene expression is the

A) nucleus.
B) nucleolus.
C) cell membrane.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) none of the above

Question 59

Microtubules

A) are usually composed of myosin.
B) are hollow, filamentous structures.
C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane.
D) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions.
E) are found in the ribosome.

Question 60

The cellular organelle responsible for recycling intracellular proteins is called the

A) mitochondrion.
B) nucleus.
C) nucleolus.
D) Golgi body.
E) proteosome.

Question 61

The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence UAG on a tRNA is

A) ATC.
B) TUC.
C) UAG.
D) AUC.
E) none of the above

Question 62

The stage of the cell cycle at which chromatin is invisible to a light microscope is

A) anaphase.
B) prophase.
C) interphase.
D) telophase.
E) metaphase.

Question 63

The anticodon for the DNA triplet UCA would be

A) AGU.
B) AGC.
C) TCA.
D) TGT.
E) none of the above

Question 64

Osmotic pressure is determined by the _________________________ of solute molecules in a solution.

Question 65

Which of the following sequences is correct?

A) triplet - anitcodon - codon - protein
B) triplet - ribosome - codon - protein
C) triplet - codon - anticodon - protein
D) triplet - codon - ribosome - protein
E) none of the above

Question 66

During the cell cycle, duplicated chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell during

A) anaphase.
B) prophase.
C) interphase.
D) telophase.
E) metaphase.

Question 67

Identify the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) none of the above

Question 68

When genes are turned off to allow a cell to specialize its functions, the process is called

A) adaptation.
B) differentiation.
C) structural integration.
D) destabilization.
E) cellular activation.

Question 69

_________________________ proteins interact with substances by binding to them and changing shape to regulate the passage of materials through the cell membrane.

Question 70

Membrane-bound proteins that allow recognition of a cell as "self" are called _________________________ proteins.

Question 71

During the process of mitosis, chromatids separate during

A) prophase.
B) metaphase.
C) interphase.
D) telophase.
E) anaphase.

Question 72

Only _________________________ -soluble substances can pass directly through the cell membrane's lipids.

Question 73

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell and the cellular cleavage is nearly complete is called

A) prophase.
B) interphase.
C) metaphase.
D) telophase.
E) anaphase.

Question 74

The _________________________ of a membrane is the property that determines its effectiveness as a barrier.

Question 75

The type of RNA that holds a copy of the genetic information is the

A) mRNA.
B) tRNA.
C) dRNA.
D) rRNA.
E) microRNA.

Question 76

Before a cell can divide by mitosis, which of the following must occur?

A) division of cytoplasm
B) synthesis of a new cell membrane
C) replication of the DNA
D) protein synthesis
E) sugar metabolism

Question 77

During this phase of cell division, the nuclear membrane dissolves, the chromatin coils, and centrioles begin to move to the poles of the cell.

A) anaphase
B) prophase
C) interphase
D) telophase
E) metaphase

Question 78

During active transport, a cell must expend _________________________ to accomplish the movement of a substance.

Question 79

The term "benign" refers to

A) any of various malignant neoplasms.
B) neoplasms that have the tendency to metastasize to new sites.
C) an illness characterized by malignant cells.
D) encapsulated and nonspreading tumors.
E) none of the above

Question 80

The theory that describes four basic concepts of cells is called _________________________.