Deck 10: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Steroid hormones

A) are lipids.
B) are structurally similar to cholesterol.
C) bind to cell surface receptors.
D) have characteristics of both A and B.
E) have characteristics of all of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Generally, the actions of hormones

A) tend to be more widespread than actions of the nervous system.
B) are longer lasting than actions of the nervous system.
C) are slower to react than the nervous system.
D) cause changes in the machinery of the cells.
E) all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Cyclic AMP often causes activation of

A) calcium ion channels.
B) myosin kinase.
C) phosphodiesterase.
D) protein kinases.
E) steroids.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following primarily targets the gonads?

A) growth hormone
B) follicle-stimulating hormone
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) insulin
E) thyroxine

Question 5

The endocrine system

A) releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.
B) releases hormones that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously.
C) produces effects that can last for hours, days, and even longer.
D) A and C only
E) all of the above

Question 6

Steroid hormones

A) bind to receptors on the surface of the cell.
B) function by way of a second messenger system.
C) cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
D) bind to intracellular receptors.
E) function by activating cAMP.

Question 7

Growth hormone causes

A) enhanced movement of amino acids into cells.
B) increased protein synthesis.
C) increased rate of lipid catabolism.
D) growth of bones and skeletal muscle.
E) all of the above

Question 8

The hypothalamus controls the secretions of the posterior pituitary by way of

A) direct neural stimulation.
B) direct mechanical control.
C) releasing and inhibiting hormones.
D) altering ion concentrations in the anterior pituitary.
E) gap junctions.

Question 9

All hormones are

A) steroids.
B) cholesterol based.
C) proteins.
D) inorganic compounds.
E) organic compounds.

Question 10

Hypothalamic hormones that activate the release of other hormones are called

A) permissive hormones.
B) synergistic hormones.
C) tropic hormones.
D) stimulating hormones.
E) releasing hormones.

Question 11

Peptide hormones

A) are composed of amino acids.
B) are produced by cells in the suprarenal glands.
C) are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D) are lipids.
E) are chemically related to cholesterol.

Question 12

When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,

A) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) the plasma membrane becomes depolarized.
C) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) the cell becomes inactive.
E) the hormone is transported to the nucleus, where it alters the activity of the DNA.

Question 13

Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by

A) positive feedback.
B) the quantity of circulating hormone.
C) negative feedback.
D) cellular demands.
E) body temperature.

Question 14

The nervous system

A) produces rapid and specific responses to environmental stimuli.
B) communicates by the release of neurotransmitters.
C) continues to produce a response long after neural output ceases.
D) A and B only
E) all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is released by axon endings in the posterior pituitary?

A) adenylate cyclase
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) growth hormone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 16

Steroid hormones

A) are lipids.
B) diffuse through plasma membranes.
C) bind to protein receptors within the cell.
D) cause mRNA synthesis.
E) all of the above

Question 17

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) suprarenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thymus.

Question 18

In studying a group of cells, it is noticed that when stimulated by a particular hormone, there is marked increase in the quantity of adenylate cyclase in a cell. The hormone being studied is probably

A) a steroid.
B) a peptide.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
E) aldosterone.

Question 19

Endocrine organs can be controlled by

A) hormones from other endocrine glands.
B) releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
C) direct neural stimulation.
D) A and C only
E) all of the above

Question 20

An important second messenger in hormonal action is

A) cAMP.
B) ATP.
C) adenylate cyclase.
D) calcium.
E) ADP.

Question 21

The pituitary hormone that increases the metabolic activity in most body cells is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) PRL.

Question 22

This gland signals nearly all other body cells.

A) pineal
B) pancreas
C) thymus
D) thyroid
E) parathyroid

Question 23

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) ACTH.
D) OT.
E) MSH.

Question 24

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are

A) GH and TSH.
B) FSH and LH.
C) ADH and ACTH.
D) PRL and OT.
E) ADH and OT.

Question 25

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

A) cortisol.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) thymosin.
D) growth hormone.
E) vasopressin.

Question 26

The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 27

This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH.

A) diabetes mellitus
B) diabetes insipidus
C) pituitary dwarfism
D) exophthalmos
E) gigantism

Question 28

Target cells of the releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

A) thymus gland.
B) suprarenal gland.
C) anterior pituitary.
D) posterior pituitary.
E) testes.

Question 29

Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the

A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) parathyroid glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) all of the above

Question 30

Excessive urine production is known as

A) polyphagia.
B) polydipsia.
C) polyuria.
D) polymyositis.
E) none of the above

Question 31

This condition is characterized by excessive lengthening of bones.

A) diabetes mellitus
B) acromegaly
C) glucose diabetes
D) gigantism
E) all of the above

Question 32

The pituitary hormone that stimulates increases in bone and muscle mass is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) MSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 33

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

A) decreased levels of insulin.
B) decreased numbers of insulin receptors.
C) decreased levels of ADH.
D) decreased numbers of ADH receptors.
E) none of the above

Question 34

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

A) thyroid
B) anterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus
D) posterior pituitary
E) suprarenal gland

Question 35

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) MSH.

Question 36

Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the

A) infundibulum.
B) hypophyseal portal system.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hypophysis.
E) thymus.

Question 37

The hormone oxytocin

A) promotes uterine contractions.
B) is responsible for milk production in the mammary glands.
C) regulates blood pressure.
D) governs the ovarian cycle.
E) both A and B

Question 38

Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect?

A) pituitary gland
B) suprarenal gland
C) parathyroid gland
D) thyroid gland
E) thymus

Question 39

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing factor from the hypothalamus in order to be released?

A) oxytocin
B) renin
C) ADH
D) prolactin
E) calcitonin

Question 40

Thyroid hormone contains the amino acid

A) lysine.
B) leucine.
C) glycine.
D) tyrosine.
E) thyronine.

Question 41

Marissa has had her thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium since she has lost her source of calcitonin. Does she need to worry about this problem?

A) No, the synthetic thyroid hormone will also control the calcium.
B) No, as long as she still has functional parathyroid glands she will maintain proper levels of calcium.
C) No, hormones from the liver and kidneys will regulate calcium through the intestinal tract.
D) Yes, without the calcitonin, high blood levels of calcium will cause convulsions.
E) Yes, without the calcitonin she will suffer heart failure.

Question 42

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) rennin.
D) ADH.
E) parathyroid hormone.

Question 43

When blood glucose levels fall,

A) insulin is released.
B) glucagon is released.
C) peripheral cells take up less glucose.
D) protein synthesis decreases.
E) all of the above

Question 44

The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) glucagon.
E) oxytocin.

Question 45

Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone could result in

A) tetany.
B) profuse urination.
C) increased sweating.
D) depressed immune activity.
E) all of the above

Question 46

The suprarenal medulla produces

A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) steroids.

Question 47

The hormone released from the suprarenal medulla is

A) insulin.
B) aldosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) androgens.
E) none of the above

Question 48

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A) pancreas
B) anterior pituitary
C) thyroid
D) liver
E) hypothalamus

Question 49

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

A) thymosin
B) calcitonin
C) parathyroid hormone
D) aldosterone
E) cortisol

Question 50

The C-cells of the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E) desreases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

Question 51

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to lower is

A) growth hormone.
B) cortisol.
C) insulin.
D) glucagon.
E) erythropoietin.

Question 52

Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce

A) epinephrine.
B) ADH.
C) aldosterone.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) insulin.

Question 53

The hormone that is the antagonist of calcitonin is

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) growth hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) thyroid hormone.

Question 54

The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by

A) thyroid hormone.
B) TSH.
C) the hypothalamus.
D) blood calcium levels.
E) all of the above

Question 55

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by

A) cortisol.
B) erythropoietin.
C) thymosin.
D) aldosterone.
E) renin.

Question 56

Insulin directly causes

A) increased heart activity.
B) increased blood pressure.
C) increased glycogen storage.
D) release of lipids by adipose tissue.
E) increased blood glucose levels.

Question 57

The hormone that causes the conversion of lipids to glucose is

A) thymosin.
B) cortisol.
C) aldosterone.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) gonadotropin.

Question 58

Two hormones secreted by the suprarenal medulla are

A) CT and PTH.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) PRL and ACTH.
D) oxytocin and ADH.
E) FSH and GH.

Question 59

Decreased blood calcium levels would result in

A) increased secretion of calcitonin.
B) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone.
C) increased retention of calcium by the kidneys.
D) increased osteoclast activity.
E) increased excitability of neural membranes.

Question 60

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also known as

A) non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
B) Type II.
C) Type III.
D) Type I.
E) diabetes insipidus.

Question 61

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by

A) glucose in the urine.
B) urine with high osmotic pressure.
C) excessive urine production.
D) blood sugar imbalance.
E) all of the above

Question 62

The hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

A) mineralocorticoids.
B) androgens.
C) glucocorticoids.
D) thyroid hormones.
E) gonadotropins.

Question 63

Alcoholic beverages cause excessive urine production by blocking the action of

A) aldosterone.
B) FSH.
C) ADH.
D) cortisol.
E) TSH.

Question 64

In response to stress, the concentration of epinephrine

A) increases and cortisol decreases.
B) increases and cortisol remains unchanged.
C) and cortisol increases.
D) and cortisol decreases.
E) decreases and cortisol increases.

Question 65

Sometimes a releasing hormone is required for release of another hormone. This property is called _________________________.

Question 66

The hormone that is released by kidney cells is

A) angiotensin.
B) cortisol.
C) erythropoietin.
D) ADH.
E) epinephrine.

Question 67

Preparation of the uterine lining for implantation results from stimulation by

A) growth hormone.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) testosterone.
D) mineralocorticoids.
E) progesterone.

Question 68

Which of the following could cause ineffective production of calcitriol?

A) exposure to too much sunlight
B) lack of sunlight
C) increased levels of MSH
D) increased levels of gonadotrophins
E) inability to produce sufficient amounts of melanin

Question 69

In Type II diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that

A) the target cells are impermeable to insulin.
B) the target cells may lack enough insulin receptors.
C) the target cells cannot convert insulin to an active form.
D) the target cells have adequate internal supplies of glucose.
E) none of the above

Question 70

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

A) testosterone.
B) aldosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) epinephrine.

Question 71

Match the endocrine gland in the first column with its associated hormone in the second column.
_____ 1. pancreas A. progesterone
_____ 2. kidney B. testosterone
_____ 3. posterior pituitary C. ADH
_____ 4. testis D. glucagon
_____ 5. ovary E. EPO

Question 72

Insensitivity of cells to insulin would result in

A) acromegaly.
B) myxedema.
C) Type I diabetes mellitus.
D) Type II diabetes mellitus.
E) Cushing's disease.

Question 73

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to

A) renin release.
B) elevated levels of aldosterone.
C) increased levels of erythropoietin.
D) decreased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide.
E) all of the above

Question 74

Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone.
D) inhibin.
E) both C and D

Question 75

The stimulus for hormone release may be neural, hormonal, or _________________________.

Question 76

Two hormones that have additive effects are called _________________________.

Question 77

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by

A) decreased resistance to disease and infection.
B) increased ability to produce glucose from glycogen.
C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart.
D) increased protein synthesis.
E) both A and C

Question 78

Peripheral cells sensitive to the presence of hormones are called _________________________.

Question 79

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin.
B) decreased mental alertness.
C) mobilization of energy reserves.
D) increased urine production.
E) all of the above

Question 80

Hormones from the hypothalamus that alter the activity of the anterior pituitary travel in special blood vessels called the _________________________.