Deck 30: Immunochemistry

Question 1

Which of the following immune system components bring characteristic portions of antigens to cell surfaces?

A) Antibodies
B) B cells
C) MHC molecules
D) T cells

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following immune system components belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily?

A) Antibodies
B) T-cell receptors
C) MHC molecules
D) All of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following refers to a foreign-body substance that triggers an immune response?

A) an antibody
B) an antigen
C) a lymphocyte
D) a macrophage

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A) B cells are lymphocytes, but T cells are not.
B) T cells are lymphocytes, but B cells are not.
C) Both B cells and T cells are lymphocytes.
D) Neither B cells nor T cells are lymphocytes.

Question 5

Which of the following cells interact with dendritic cells that present antigens?

A) Macrophages
B) T_H cells
C) Both macrophages and T_H cells
D) Neither macrophages nor T_H cells

Question 6

Which type of biomolecules are antibodies made of?

A) glycoproteins
B) lipoproteins
C) glycerophospholipids
D) sphingolipids

Question 7

Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?

A) the spleen
B) the thymus
C) the thyroid
D) the tonsils

Question 8

Which of the following types of vaccine was originally used by Pasteur?

A) an attenuated vaccine
B) an inactivated vaccine
C) a subunit vaccine
D) a mimic vaccine

Question 9

To which class of cells do lymphocytes belong?

A) dendritic cells
B) stem cells
C) red blood cells
D) white blood cells

Question 10

Which of the following molecules help lymphocytes enter the blood?

A) chaperones
B) cytokines
C) lymphokines
D) transporters

Question 11

Which of the following are components of innate immunity?

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Antibodies
D) Macrophages

Question 12

Identify the components of the immune system that are associated with interferons.

A) B cells
B) macrophages
C) NK cells
D) T cells

Question 13

Where are B and T cells found in the body?

A) They are found only in the blood.
B) They are found only in the lymph.
C) They are primarily found in the blood but some are also found in the lymph.
D) They are primarily found in the lymph but some are also found in the blood.

Question 14

Which of the following immune cells are the primary targets of HIV?

A) B cells
B) Dendritic cells
C) Macrophages
D) T cells

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of innate immunity?

A) It only includes physical barriers.
B) It is highly pathogen specific.
C) Both of these statements are true.
D) Neither of these statements is true.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of innate immunity?

A) It includes both physical and cellular barriers.
B) It is highly pathogen specific.
C) Both of these statements are true.
D) Neither of these statements is true.

Question 17

Which cells of the immune system are the first to attack invading viruses or bacteria?

A) B cells
B) Dendritic cells
C) Macrophages
D) T cells

Question 18

Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?

A) the spleen
B) the thymus
C) the tonsils
D) None, they are all lymphoid organs.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of a situation where the body encounters the same invader twice?

A) Both the first and second immune responses are slow.
B) The first response is faster than the second response.
C) The second response is faster than the first response.
D) Both the first and second immune responses are fast.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Both B cells and T cells originate in the bone marrow.
B) Both B cells and T cells originate in the thymus.
C) Both B cells and T cells mature in the bone marrow.
D) Both B cells and T cells mature in the thymus.

Question 21

Which of the following are the first cells in the blood that encounter an antigen?

A) B cells
B) Dendritic cells
C) Macrophages
D) T cells

Question 22

Which of the following classes of immune cells include dendritic cells?

A) antibody presenting cells
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) antigen presenting cells

Question 23

Which of the following immune cells develop into plasma cells?

A) B cells
B) Helper T cells
C) Macrophages
D) Memory T cells

Question 24

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

A) Memory cells
B) NK cells
C) Plasma cells
D) T cells

Question 25

Which of the following cells release perforins to target abnormal cells?

A) B cells
B) Macrophages
C) NK cells
D) T_H cells

Question 26

What is the smallest unit of an antigen that is capable of binding with an antibody?

A) MHC class I
B) An epitope
C) A paratope
D) MHC class II

Question 27

Which of the following can be antigens?

A) nucleic acids
B) polysaccharides
C) proteins
D) all of these

Question 28

What is the full form of APC?

A) antibody presenting cells
B) antibody processing cells
C) antigen presenting cells
D) antigen processing cells

Question 29

Which of the following molecules is used by macrophages to kill pathogens?

A) NO
B) NO₂
C) N₂O
D) None of these

Question 30

Identify the cells that are produced after T cells interact with antigens.

A) cytotoxic T cells
B) helper T cells
C) memory cells
D) all of these

Question 31

When was the role of MHC molecules in the immune response first discovered?

A) during the study of AIDS
B) during the study of blood types
C) during organ transplants
D) none of these

Question 32

How do NK cells and T_c cells kill invading foreign cells?

A) by engulfing and devouring them
B) by inhibiting protein synthesis in the foreign cells
C) by digesting their nuclear material
D) by punching holes in their membranes

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the specificity of NK and T_c cells?

A) Both of them are highly target specific.
B) Neither of them is target specific.
C) NK cells are nonspecific, but T_C cells are specific.
D) NK cells are specific, but T_C cells are nonspecific.

Question 34

Which of the following cells have a mode of action similar to that of cytotoxic T cells?

A) B cells
B) Dendritic cells
C) Macrophages
D) NK cells

Question 35

Which of the following antigens are recognized by T-cell receptors?

A) nucleic acid antigens
B) polysaccharide antigens
C) peptide antigens
D) all of these

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of stem cells?

A) They can only differentiate into B cells.
B) They can only differentiate into T cells.
C) They can differentiate into either B cells or T cells.
D) They are not involved in the production of lymphocytes.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of antigens?

A) They elicit an immune response.
B) They have a molecular weight of less than 3000.
C) They have a simple structure.
D) They are polypeptide chains, which have only one amino acid.

Question 38

Which of the following cells are produced when B cells are exposed to antigens?

A) Helper T cells
B) Memory T cells
C) NK cells
D) Plasma cells

Question 39

Which of the following cells target and perforate the surfaces of abnormal cells?

A) B cells
B) Macrophages
C) NK cells
D) T cells

Question 40

Which of the following is true of the location of antigens in a cell?

A) They may be found in the cytoplasm.
B) They may be adsorbed on the surface of a cell membrane.
C) They may be embedded in the cell membrane.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 41

Which class of immunoglobulins is associated with allergic reactions?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 42

Which bonds in an antigen are broken by the enzyme GILT?

A) glycoside bonds
B) amide bonds
C) disulfide bonds
D) anhydride bonds

Question 43

What is the function of class II MHC molecules?

A) They pick up exogenous "dead" antigens.
B) They seek out antigen molecules that have been synthesized inside a virus-infected cell.
C) Both of these are functions of class II MHC molecules.
D) Neither of these is a function of class II MHC molecules.

Question 44

Which class of immunoglobulins has the lowest concentration in the serum?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of the structure of immunoglobulins?

A) Each immunoglobulin molecule is made of two polypeptide chains.
B) Each immunoglobulin molecule is made of four different polypeptide chains.
C) Each immunoglobulin molecule is made of four identical polypeptide chains.
D) Each immunoglobulin molecule is made of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of immunoglobulins?

A) They are composed of six polypeptide chains that are arranged asymmetrically.
B) They have symmetrically arranged polypeptide chains forming a Y shape.
C) They are composed of a light chain and a heavy chain.
D) They have two disulfide bonds holding the light and heavy chains.

Question 47

Which of the following immunoglobulins has the highest molecular weight?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 48

What is the function of class I MHC molecules?

A) They pick up exogenous "dead" antigens.
B) They seek out antigen molecules that have been synthesized inside a virus-infected cell.
C) Both of these are functions of class I MHC molecules.
D) Neither of these is a function of class I MHC molecules.

Question 49

Which class of immunoglobulins has the highest concentration in the serum?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgM

Question 50

Which class of immunoglobulins is found in secretions and prevents invading material from entering the blood stream?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of the constant and variable region of immunoglobulins?

A) Only light chains of immunoglobulins have both constant and variable regions.
B) Both light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins have constant and variable regions.
C) Only heavy chains of immunoglobulins have both constant and variable regions.
D) Neither light nor heavy chains of immunoglobulins have constant and variable regions.

Question 52

Which of the following antigens are affected by the enzyme GILT?

A) nucleic acid antigens
B) polysaccharide antigens
C) peptide antigens
D) all of these

Question 53

Which of the following T cells interact with antigens bound to MHC II molecules?

A) helper T cells
B) killer T cells
C) both helper and killer T cells
D) neither helper T cells nor killer T cells

Question 54

Which of the following T cells interact with antigens bound to MHC I molecules?

A) helper T cells
B) killer T cells
C) both helper and killer T cells
D) neither helper T cells nor killer T cells

Question 55

Which of the following chemical interactions hold the chains of an immunoglobulin together?

A) disulfide bridges
B) hydrogen bonds
C) hydrophobic interactions
D) ionic bonds

Question 56

Identify the chemical interactions that bind an antigen to the variable region of an antibody.

A) London dispersion forces
B) Dipole-dipole interactions
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) All of these

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of immunoglobulins?

A) They are composed of only amino acids.
B) They are carbohydrate-containing protein molecules.
C) They are lipid-containing protein molecules.
D) They all have the same molecular weight.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of class I and class II MHC molecules?

A) Both are transmembrane proteins.
B) Both have peptide-binding variable domains.
C) Both of these statements are true.
D) Neither of these statements is true.

Question 59

Which of the following immunoglobulins has the lowest molecular weight?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 60

How many different types of antibodies are produced by a B cell?

A) one
B) two
C) five
D) ten

Question 61

If a particular immunoglobulin heavy chain has 50 V genes, 27 D genes, and 6 J genes, how many different V(J)D combinations can be obtained?

A) 162
B) 300
C) 1350
D) 8100

Question 62

How do plasma cells respond to antigens in the blood?

A) They directly attack the antigens.
B) They secrete soluble antibodies in the blood.
C) Both of these are responses of plasma cells.
D) Neither of these is a response of plasma cells.

Question 63

Which of the following chemical interactions hold the chains of a T-cell receptor together?

A) disulfide bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) hydrophobic interactions
D) ionic bonds

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of antibodies?

A) An organism is born with its full complement of antibodies.
B) A new antibody can appear whenever it is needed.
C) The basis of antibody diversity is the genetic blueprint of an organism.
D) None of these statements are true.

Question 65

How does HER2 influence breast cancer development?

A) It suppresses the activity of oncogenes.
B) It causes aggressive tumor growth.
C) It prevents the metastasis of cancer cells.
D) It promotes the localization of a cancerous tumor.

Question 66

Which of the following cells undergo V(J)D recombination?

A) B cells
B) Macrophages
C) T cells
D) All of these

Question 67

Which of the following processes occurs as a result of V(J)D gene mutations in somatic cells?

A) affinity maturation
B) affinity mutation
C) cancer
D) none of these

Question 68

How are antibody-bound antigens destroyed in the blood?

A) by phagocytosis
B) by the action of perforins
C) by the complement pathway
D) by the action of lysozymes

Question 69

Which of the following diseases is treated using the monoclonal antibody drug trastuzumab?

A) breast cancer
B) prostate cancer
C) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
D) none of these

Question 70

What are miniature antibodies?

A) antibodies that are smaller than normal size
B) antibodies that lack heavy chains
C) antibodies that lack light chains
D) antibodies that are found in negligible quantities in blood serum

Question 71

Which of the following is a function of drugs that are designed to inhibit growth factor receptors on tumor cells?

A) They stimulate the binding of growth factors to their respective receptors.
B) They promote the dimerization of two growth factor receptors.
C) They block tyrosine kinase activity in tumor cells.
D) They prevent the delivery of metabolic toxins to tumor cells.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true of monoclonal antibodies?

A) They are functionally identical, but structurally non-identical antibodies.
B) They fail to detect the presence of HIV in blood.
C) They can be used to assay for biomolecules that can act as antigens.
D) They are composed only of myeloma cells.

Question 73

Which of the following diseases is diagnosed using monoclonal antibodies?

A) AIDS
B) Breast cancer
C) Leukemia
D) None of these

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true of T cells?

A) T cells can directly interact with antigens without the involvement of MHC molecules.
B) T cells are nonspecific, and they recognize all antigens.
C) Each T-cell receptor is specific to a single antigen.
D) T cells can increase their diversity by somatic mutation.

Question 75

What is a possible outcome of V(J)D gene mutations in somatic cells?

A) the permanent failure of the body's immune system
B) a small decrease in the binding affinity of an antigen to an antibody
C) a small increase in the binding affinity of an antigen to an antibody
D) a significant increase in the binding affinity of an antigen to an antibody

Question 76

In which part of a phagocyte are antigens destroyed?

A) in the mitochondria
B) in the cytoplasm
C) in the lysosomes
D) inside the nucleus

Question 77

Identify a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the action of the HER2 protein in breast cancer.

A) cetuximab
B) naproxen
C) ibuprofen
D) trastuzumab

Question 78

Which of the following proteins is present in high levels in breast cancer patients?

A) tumor necrosis factor
B) platelet-derived growth factor
C) human epidermal growth factor 2
D) vascular endothelial growth factor 1

Question 79

What happens when B cells are exposed to antigens?

A) The B cell divides and differentiates into plasma cells.
B) The B cell differentiates, and the daughter cells produce soluble antibodies.
C) Both of these are the possible outcomes of the antigen-antibody interaction.
D) None of these are the possible outcomes of the antigen-antibody interaction.

Question 80

Identify the immunoglobulins present in secretions such as tears and milk.

A) IgE
B) IgA
C) IgG
D) IgM