Deck 24: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity

Question 1

Where are genes located in a eukaryotic cell?

A) in the Golgi apparatus
B) in the endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the plasma membrane
D) in the chromosomes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How many different chemical units make up a nucleotide?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following sugars is found in DNA?

A) 3-deoxy- L-ribose
B) 2-deoxy-D-ribose
C) 2-deoxy-L-ribose
D) 3-deoxy-D-ribose

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How many different components make up a nucleoside?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 5

How many different bases are found in DNA?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 6

Which of the following molecules are genes made of?

A) DNA
B) histones
C) carbohydrates
D) RNA

Question 7

Which of the following is true of DNA and RNA?

A) Both DNA and RNA are found in chromosomes.
B) DNA is found in chromosomes, but RNA is not.
C) RNA is found in chromosomes, but DNA is not.
D) Neither DNA nor RNA is found in chromosomes.

Question 8

Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

A) in the Golgi apparatus
B) in the endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the plasma membrane
D) in the nucleus

Question 9

Which of the following is true of thymine and uracil?

A) Both have a methyl group at C-5.
B) Thymine has a methyl group at C-5, but uracil does not.
C) Uracil has a methyl group at C-5, but thymine does not.
D) Neither has a methyl group at C-5.

Question 10

Which of the following has a primary amine as part of its structure?

A) guanine
B) thymine
C) uracil
D) none of these

Question 11

Which of the following bases is found only in RNA and not in DNA?

A) adenine
B) cytosine
C) guanine
D) uracil

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of a single gene?

A) synthesizing ATP from glucose molecules
B) coding for a specific protein or type of RNA
C) synthesizing ATP from glucose molecules and coding for a specific protein or type of RNA
D) none of these

Question 13

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Cytosine and thymine are both purines.
B) Cytosine and thymine are both pyrimidines.
C) Cytosine is a purine, and thymine is a pyrimidine.
D) Cytosine is a pyrimidine, and thymine is a purine.

Question 14

Which of the following scientists confirmed that DNA is the molecule that carries hereditary information?

A) O. Avery
B) G. Beadle
C) E. Chargaff
D) J. Watson

Question 15

How many different kinds of nucleic acids exist?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 16

Which of the following sugars is found in RNA?

A) D-ribose
B) L-ribose
C) 2-deoxy-D-ribose
D) 2-deoxy-L-ribose

Question 17

Which of the following does not have a primary amine as part of its structure?

A) adenine
B) cytosine
C) guanine
D) thymine

Question 18

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

A) a base
B) a disaccharide
C) a monosaccharide
D) a phosphate

Question 19

Where is genetic information located in a cell?

A) in the chromosomes
B) in the endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the plasma membrane
D) in the Golgi apparatus

Question 20

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Adenine and guanine are both purines.
B) Adenine and guanine are both pyrimidines.
C) Adenine is a purine, and guanine is a pyrimidine.
D) Adenine is a pyrimidine, and guanine is a purine.

Question 21

Which of the following scientists is most closely associated with analyzing the base content of DNA?

A) O. Avery
B) G. Beadle
C) E. Chargaff
D) J. Watson

Question 22

Which of the following make up a nucleoside?

A) base + sugar
B) base + phosphate
C) base + phosphate + sugar
D) phosphate + sugar

Question 23

Which of the following conventions is used to specify the sequence of bases in DNA?

A) The sequence begins with the nucleotide that has a free 3' terminus.
B) The sequence begins with the nucleotide that has a free 5' terminus.
C) The sequence begins from the end closest to the first adenine.
D) The sequence begins from the end closest to the first thymine.

Question 24

Which of the following correctly describes the linkages found in ATP?

A) one anhydride and two esters
B) two anhydrides and one ester
C) three anhydrides and no esters
D) three esters and no anhydrides

Question 25

Which pair of bases is linked together by three hydrogen bonds?

A) adenine and cytosine
B) adenine and thymine
C) guanine and cytosine
D) guanine and thymine

Question 26

Which of the following diseases is treated using micro RNAs?

A) AIDS
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) Hepatitis C
D) Cystic fibrosis

Question 27

Which of the following is true of B-DNA?

A) It is a perfectly uniform helix with no grooves.
B) It is a helix with a single type of groove.
C) It is a helix with two types of grooves: major and minor.
D) It is a helix with three types of grooves: major, intermediate, and minor.

Question 28

Which of the following are not part of the backbone of DNA?

A) the bases
B) the phosphates
C) the sugars
D) They are all part of the backbone.

Question 29

Which of the following is true of the base composition of DNA?

A) moles of cytosine = moles of adenine
B) moles of cytosine = moles guanine
C) moles of cytosine = moles of thymine
D) none of these

Question 30

Which of the following bonds hold the complementary base pairs of DNA together?

A) covalent bonds
B) anhydride bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) ionic bonds

Question 31

How many phosphate groups are part of a nucleotide?

A) 6, 7, or 8
B) only 2
C) only 3
D) 1, 2, or 3

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the base composition of DNA?

A) moles of adenine = moles of cytosine
B) moles of adenine = moles of guanine
C) moles of adenine = moles of thymine
D) none of these

Question 33

Which of the following diseases is being studied for the use of siRNA drugs?

A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Ebola virus disease
C) Malaria
D) Tuberculosis

Question 34

Which of the following make up a nucleotide?

A) base + sugar
B) base + phosphate + ribosomes
C) base + phosphate + sugar
D) phosphate + sugar

Question 35

Which of the following statements best describes the secondary structure of DNA?

A) It is a double helix with the bases on the inside.
B) It is a double helix with the bases on the outside.
C) It is a single helix.
D) It is a triple helix.

Question 36

Which of the following interactions holds DNA and histones together in nucleosomes?

A) covalent bonds
B) anhydride bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) ionic forces

Question 37

How many histones are part of a nucleosome?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 38

Which pair of bases is linked together by two hydrogen bonds?

A) adenine and guanine
B) adenine and thymine
C) guanine and cytosine
D) guanine and thymine

Question 39

Identify a purine base.

A) guanine
B) uracil
C) thymine
D) cytosine

Question 40

Which of the following base pairs is found in RNA?

A) guanine and adenine
B) adenine and cytosine
C) guanine and uracil
D) adenine and uracil

Question 41

Which of the following are identical in DNA and RNA?

A) the double-stranded structure
B) the identity of the bases
C) the identity of the sugar
D) the sugar-to-phosphate linkages

Question 42

Which of the following describes the typical composition of a ribosome?

A) 100% protein
B) 100% rRNA
C) 65% protein and 35% rRNA
D) 65% rRNA and 35% protein

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of mRNA?

A) It contains 73-93 nucleotides per chain.
B) It is produced in the ribosomes of a cell during a process called translation.
C) It is a long-lived molecule.
D) Its nucleotide sequence is complementary to that of a DNA strand being transcribed.

Question 44

How many DNA base pairs are wound around the histone core of a nucleosome?

A) 47
B) 97
C) 147
D) 197

Question 45

How many nucleosomes form the repeating unit of chromatin?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 46

How many different types of tRNA must an organism have?

A) 1
B) 4
C) minimum 15
D) minimum 20

Question 47

Which of the following statements describes the large ribosomal subunit?

A) It consists of four molecules of rRNA and approximately 20 different proteins
B) It consists of four or five molecules of RNA and 10-15 different proteins.
C) It consists of two molecules of rRNA and 20 different proteins.
D) It consists of two or three molecules of RNA and 35-50 different proteins.

Question 48

What is DNA replication?

A) the separation of the two strands of DNA to enable the formation of two identical DNA molecules
B) the transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA
C) the transfer of genetic information from mRNA to DNA
D) the use of genetic information to synthesize a specific protein in the cytoplasm of a cell with the help of ribosomes

Question 49

What is the approximate molecular weight of a ribosome?

A) 1 × 10⁸ amu
B) 5 × 10⁵ amu
C) 1 × 10⁶ amu
D) 5 × 10⁶ amu

Question 50

Where in the nucleosome are the histones found?

A) in the core with the DNA double helix wrapped around them
B) on the outer layer wrapped around the DNA double helix
C) uniformly distributed
D) in all of these arrangements

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of mRNA?

A) It is of a fixed size containing 750 nucleotides.
B) It is of a fixed size containing 75 nucleotides.
C) It is of a variable size, with an average of about 750 nucleotides.
D) It is of a variable size, with an average of about 75 nucleotides.

Question 52

Which of the following statements describes the small ribosomal subunit?

A) It consists of one large RNA molecule and approximately 20 different proteins.
B) It consists of one small RNA molecule and approximately 35 different proteins.
C) It consists of two RNA molecules and approximately 20 different proteins.
D) It consists of two RNA molecules and approximately 35 different proteins.

Question 53

What is transcription?

A) It is the synthesis of a new DNA strand using a parental DNA strand as the template.
B) It is the process for the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
C) It is the process for the transfer of genetic information from RNA to DNA.
D) It is the synthesis of proteins in the cell cytoplasm with the help of ribosomes.

Question 54

Which of the following is the correct expansion of CRISPR?

A) connected and regulated important short portions of RNA
B) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
C) clustered regularly interspaced short portions of RNA
D) connected and regulated interspaced palindromic RNA

Question 55

Ribosomes are made up of how many subunits?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the three-dimensional structure of tRNA?

A) a cloverleaf
B) a double helix
C) an L-shape
D) a single helix

Question 57

Where is CRISPR DNA found?

A) in fungi and algae
B) in bacteria and archaea
C) in algae and protozoa
D) in viruses and fungi

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of miRNAs?

A) They are about 100-200 nucleotides long.
B) They have no medical importance.
C) They promote the translation of mRNA to protein.
D) They promote the degradation of mRNA.

Question 59

Which of the following is a function of mRNA?

A) to carry genetic information from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
B) to carry genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
C) to transport amino acids to the ribosome
D) none of these

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of a molecule of tRNA?

A) It contains 73-93 nucleotides per chain.
B) It is about the same size as an average-sized molecule of mRNA.
C) It is much larger than an average-sized molecule of mRNA.
D) It contains 200-250 nucleotides per chain.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of splicing?

A) It is the transportation of amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
B) It is the removal of introns and the joining of exons in mRNA after transcription.
C) It is the formation of proteins with the help of ribosomes.
D) It is the conversion of chromosomes into chromatin.

Question 62

What is a function of the DNA present in the chromosomes of a cell?

A) reproducing itself
B) supplying information necessary to make proteins
C) reproducing itself and supplying information necessary to make proteins
D) none of these

Question 63

Which type of RNA is used to prevent the expression of an undesirable gene?

A) rRNA
B) siRNA
C) snRNA
D) tRNA

Question 64

Which type of RNA has a protective function in many species?

A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) siRNA
D) snRNA

Question 65

How does thymine differ from uracil?

A) Unlike uracil, thymine is bonded to a methyl group at position 5.
B) Unlike uracil, thymine has a carbonyl carbon at position 2.
C) Unlike uracil, thymine is bonded to an amine group at position 5.
D) Unlike uracil, thymine has a double bond between the carbons of positions 5 and 6.

Question 66

Which of the following best characterizes the function of introns?

A) They always serve as enzymes during gene mutation.
B) They serve as spacers only in prokaryotic cells.
C) They frequently function as spacers and rarely function as splicing enzymes.
D) They always code for proteins and are never spliced by ribozymes.

Question 67

Which of the following types of RNA is important in controlling gene expression?

A) mRNA
B) siRNA
C) snRNA
D) tRNA

Question 68

Which of the following occurs when DNA is transcribed to mRNA?

A) Both the exons and introns are transcribed in sequence.
B) Both the exons and introns are transcribed, but their sequence is changed.
C) Only the exons are transcribed.
D) Only the introns are transcribed.

Question 69

Which type of RNA complexes with proteins to form RNA molecules that aid the process of splicing in a cell nucleus?

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) snRNA
D) tRNA

Question 70

What are satellites?

A) They are DNA molecules in which long nucleotide sequences are repeated 10-20 times.
B) They are DNA molecules in which long nucleotide sequences are repeated hundreds or thousands of times.
C) They are DNA molecules in which short nucleotide sequences are repeated 10-20 times.
D) They are DNA molecules in which short nucleotide sequences are repeated hundreds or thousands of times.

Question 71

snRNA is involved in which of the following processes?

A) splicing
B) transcription
C) translation
D) none of these

Question 72

Approximately what percentage of human DNA codes for proteins?

A) 3%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 97%

Question 73

Which of the following RNA molecules is degraded by an siRNA molecule?

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) snRNA
D) tRNA

Question 74

Which of the following properly describes processes that occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A) In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription and protein synthesis occur simultaneously.
B) In neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes do transcription and protein synthesis occur simultaneously.
C) In eukaryotes, transcription and protein synthesis occur simultaneously, but in prokaryotes, these processes occur sequentially and in different regions.
D) In prokaryotes, transcription and protein synthesis occur simultaneously, but in eukaryotes, these processes occur sequentially and in different regions.

Question 75

Where are satellites located on the chromosomes?

A) between the center and the ends
B) only at the ends
C) only at the centers
D) at both the centers and the ends

Question 76

Which type of RNA is important in the timing of an organism's development?

A) mRNA
B) miRNA
C) snRNA
D) tRNA

Question 77

Which of the following is a correct statement about the distribution of genes in a molecule of DNA?

A) In both bacteria and higher organisms, the genes are continuous.
B) In both bacteria and higher organisms, the genes are discontinuous.
C) In bacteria, the genes are continuous, but in higher organisms, they are discontinuous.
D) In bacteria, the genes are discontinuous, but in higher organisms, they are continuous.

Question 78

Which of the following correctly describes exons and introns?

A) Both exons and introns code for proteins, but they code for different types of proteins.
B) Exons are coding sections of DNA, and introns are noncoding sections.
C) Exons are noncoding sections of DNA, and introns are coding sections.
D) To code for a protein, both an exon and an intron are necessary.

Question 79

Which of the following is a function of snRNAs?

A) They process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes.
B) They transport amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
C) They combine with proteins to form ribosomes.
D) They transfer mRNA from cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Question 80

Which type of RNA degrades specific mRNA molecules?

A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) siRNA
D) snRNA