Deck 14: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems: Your Defense Systems

Question 1

Complete the following:
The hairlike structures that propel mucus in theairwaysare

A) sol layer.
B) gel layer.
C) pathogens.
D) cilia.

Answer 1

The sol layer is a part of the layer, which is formed by the secretions of the airway passage of the body. It forms the aqueous layer and acts as a lubricant by enabling the movement of the mucus with the help of cilia.
The gel layer is another component of the layer formed by the secretions of the airway passage. It protects the airway mucosa and chiefly consists of glycoproteins and lipids. Pathogens are the organisms, which are found in various parts of the respiratory passage and causes infection.
Hence, the options a, b and c are incorrect.
Cilia refer to the hair-like projections that are found on various inner surfaces of the body. These structures are chiefly involved in increasing the surface area for either the movement or absorption on the surface. In the airways of the body, cilia help in the movement of mucus through the airways by their ciliary beating action.
Hence, the correct answer is option
.

Question 2

Complete the following:
The _______________ nerve innervates the main breathing muscle, called the _______________.

A) thoracic; internal intercostals
B) thoracic; diaphragm
C) phrenic; external intercostals
D) phrenic; diaphragm

Answer 2

The main breathing muscle is called the diaphragm. It is a muscular sheet and acts as a barrier between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. It appears as dome shaped at rest, which receives input signals through phrenic nerves.
The phrenic nerves are the principle nerves that were involved in sending signals to the thoracic cavity at the time of breathing. The trachea bifurcates into the left and right main stems or bronchi, once it reaches the chest cavity.
However, the angle of branching is not the same for both the sides of bifurcation. The right main stem makes a lesser angle than the left main stem with the midline of the chest.
Hence, the options a, b and c are incorrect.
During inspiration, as a response to the signals, the diaphragm contracts and flattens at the downward direction. This increases the surface area of the thoracic cavity. This immediately causes the pressure inside the thoracic cavity to fall and the volume to rise. This allows the air to enter inside the lungs.
Hence, the correct answer is option
.

Question 3

The medical term for the sense of smell is _______________, and for producing sound is _______________.

Answer 3

The medical term for the sense of smell is olfaction. In human beings, this sense is mediated by olfactory receptors that are the specialized cells present in the nasal cavity. When the odor producing molecules bind to these receptors, they come closer to the glomerulus, which would send the signals to the olfactory bulb present below the frontal lobe and above the nasal cavity. Olfaction is a type of chemoreception.
The medical term used for producing sound is phonation. It is a process by which, certain sounds are produced by the vocal folds through quasi-periodic vibration. In phonation, air is exhaled out of the lungs through the glottis and this creates a pressure drop across the larynx. After the pressure drop exceeds the phonation threshold pressure, the vocal cords start to oscillate and produce sound.
Hence, the first blank can be filled with
and the second blank can be filled with
.

Question 4

Complete the following:
The largest bronchus or trunk of the tracheobronchial tree is the

A) right mainstem bronchus.
B) left mainstem bronchus.
C) bronchiole.
D) trachea.

Question 5

The ______________ are thought to lighten the head and provide resonance for the voice.

Question 6

Complete the following:
Voice is normally produced by vibration of the closed vocal cords during

A) inspiration.
B) exhalation.
C) internal respiration.
D) external respiration.

Question 7

Complete the following:
The _______________ pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

A) visceral
B) parietal
C) mediastinum
D) chest

Question 8

The largest cartilage in the upper airway is the

A) cricoid.
B) eustachian.
C) mega cartilage.
D) thyroid.

Question 9

Complete the following:
The alveolar cell that allows for gas exchange is the

A) squamous cell.
B) granular cell.
C) macrophage cell.
D) Kohn cell.

Question 10

The sense of smell is termed ______________, and the act of speech is called ______________.

Question 11

Describe the process of normal breathing beginning with the brain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 12

Complete the following:
The process of producing red blood cells is called_______________.

Question 13

The bulk movement of gas into and out of the lung is called

A) internal respiration.
B) ventilation.
C) diffusion.
D) gas exchange.

Question 14

Answer the following:
Gas exchange takes place across the

A) bronchi.
B) bronchioles.
C) alveolar-capillary membrane.
D) nasal cavity.

Question 15

The lung capacity that includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume is called your

A) total lung capacity.
B) functional residual capacity.
C) inspiratory capacity.
D) vital capacity

Question 16

Explain how gas exchange takes place in the lungs. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 17

Complete the following:
The vocal cords are found in the

A) laryngopharynx.
B) nasopharynx.
C) oropharynx.
D) larynx.

Question 18

Complete the following:
The upper airway begins at the _______________ andends at the _______________.

A) tonsils, alveoli
B) nares, bronchi
C) nares, vocal cords
D) vocal cords, alveoli

Question 19

Answer the following:
The process of moving gas into and out of the respiratorysystem is

A) ventilation.
B) external respiration.
C) internal respiration.
D) diffusion.

Question 20

Complete the following:
The first portion of the airway where gas exchange begins is the

A) terminal bronchiole.
B) trachea.
C) mainstem bronchus.
D) respiratory bronchiole

Question 21

Complete the following:
The iron-containing molecule responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood is _______________.

Question 22

Complete the following:
Which of the following is not true about the sinuses?

A) air-filled cavities
B) located in the skull and around the nose
C) help to lighten the head
D) gas exchange occurs there

Question 23

Complete the following:
The amount of air moved during typical resting ventilation is called

A) inspiratory reserve volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) expiratory reserve volume.
D) tidal volume

Question 24

Complete the following:
The site of bifurcation of the right and left lungs is called the

A) alveoli.
B) carina.
C) trachea.
D) capillary.

Question 25

When the diaphragm contracts, lung volume ______________ and air flows ______________.

Question 26

A patient comes to the emergency department with wheezing and thick secretions. His heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all increased. He is using accessory muscles of ventilation to breathe and has peripheral cyanosis. He has a history of allergies and has had a "bad cold" for several days.
a. What are two possible respiratory conditions he may have? _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 27

Complete the following:
The portion of the sternum where CPR is performedis the

A) xiphoid process.
B) ribs.
C) manubrium.
D) body

Question 28

Which structure controls the opening to the trachea?

A) esophagus
B) hypoglottis
C) epiglottis
D) hyperglottis

Question 29

A patient comes to the emergency department with wheezing and thick secretions. His heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all increased. He is using accessory muscles of ventilation to breathe and has peripheral cyanosis. He has a history of allergies and has had a "bad cold" for several days.
Can you think of some recommended treatments for this patient?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Question 30

The hairlike projections called ______________ beat within the ______________ layer and propel the ______________ layer toward the oral cavity to be expectorated.

Question 31

Explain the changes in the wall of the tracheobronchial tree as you move from conducting zone to respiratory zone.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 32

A patient comes to the emergency department with wheezing and thick secretions. His heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all increased. He is using accessory muscles of ventilation to breathe and has peripheral cyanosis. He has a history of allergies and has had a "bad cold" for several days.
What would be some positive indicators that your treatment is working? For example, after the treatment, you notice less accessory muscle use. Can you think of at least two more?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Question 33

Which of the following is not a function of the upper airway?

A) humidification
B) gas exchange
C) filtration
D) heating or cooling gases

Question 34

Answer the following:
Which of the following takes place in the upperairways?

A) olfaction
B) warming of air
C) filtering of air
D) all of the above

Question 35

Small bronchi are called ______________.

Question 36

Discuss the importance of surfactant.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 37

Complete the following:
The oropharynx is lined with _______________,whereas the nasopharynx is lined with_______________.

A) respiratory mucosa; stratified squamous epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium; respiratory mucosa
C) respiratory mucosa; pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
D) simple cuboidal epithelium; pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 38

The process of gas exchange between the alveolar area and capillary is

A) external ventilation.
B) internal ventilation.
C) internal respiration.
D) external respiration.

Question 39

Answer the following:
The process of gas exchange at the body tissues iscalled

A) ventilation.
B) external respiration.
C) internal respiration.
D) osmosis.

Question 40

Complete the following:
The alveolar layer that lowers surface tension to keep the alveoli expanded is the

A) surfactant layer.
B) capillary layer.
C) epithelium layer.
D) macrophage layer

Question 41

Describe the tissue layers in the bronchi. ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Question 42

Complete the following:
Food is prevented from entering the _______________ when eating by the closure of the _______________.

A) esophagus; glottis
B) esophagus; epiglottis
C) trachea; epiglottis
D) epiglottis; glottis

Question 43

Complete the following:
As CO2 rises, chemoreceptors send signals to the _______________ to _______________ ventilation.

A) cerebrum; decrease
B) heart; increase
C) medulla oblongata; increase
D) spinal cord; decrease

Question 44

Answer the following:
Which gas is found in the atmosphere?

A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) carbon dioxide
D) all the above

Question 45

Complete the following:
If an object is aspirated into the airways, it is most likely to go to

A) the right lung.
B) the left lung.
C) the stomach.
D) the oropharynx.

Question 46

Cells need oxygen to

A) make ATP.
B) get rid of CO2.
C) use gasoline.
D) breathe.