Deck 4: Developmg Through the Life Span

Question 1

Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity?

A) brain plasticity
B) gender typing
C) mutations
D) temperament

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are

A) less similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and less similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.
B) more similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and more similar inrisk of being emotionally unstable.
C) equally similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and more similarin risk of being emotionally unstable.
D) more similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and equally similar

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with

A) culture shock.
B) brain plasticity.
C) extraversion.
D) collectivism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

At a business meeting, people from one culture may behave in a hurried and time- conscious manner that people from another culture consider to be rude and inconsiderate. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing

A) norms.
B) genomes.
C) epigenetics.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 5

Traditionally, men were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This best illustrates aspects of

A) gender identity.
B) behavior genetics.
C) individualism.
D) gender roles.

Question 6

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are

A) fraternal twins who were raised together.
B) identical twins who were raised apart.
C) fraternal twins who were raised apart.
D) identical twins who were raised together.

Question 7

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of

A) individualism.
B) a pruning process.
C) temperament.
D) nature-nurture interactions.

Question 8

Over the last century, Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country.

A) decreasing; increasing
B) increasing; decreasing
C) decreasing; decreasing
D) increasing; increasing

Question 9

If chronic child abuse alters a victim's gene expression in such a fashion as to facilitate depression and suicide, this would be said to illustrate

A) a pruning process.
B) an epigenetic effect.
C) a reactive temperament.
D) culture shock.

Question 10

Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value

A) individualism.
B) gender typing.
C) collectivism.
D) heritability.

Question 11

Chromosomes are composed of

A) schemas.
B) synapses.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 12

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of ________ on development.

A) prenatal environments
B) genetic predispositions
C) gender schemas
D) natural selection

Question 13

Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of

A) the X chromosome.
B) temperament.
C) epigenetics.
D) individualism.

Question 14

Studies of the relative impact of nature and nurture on human differences in aggressiveness best illustrate the research efforts of

A) Freudian psychologists.
B) behavior geneticists.
C) evolutionary psychologists.
D) social learning theorists.

Question 15

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender

A) types.
B) schemas.
C) roles.
D) complexes.

Question 16

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the importance of

A) a selection effect.
B) a pruning process.
C) brain plasticity.
D) culture shock.

Question 17

Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to take responsibility for political leadership. This best illustrates a change in

A) sexual orientation.
B) gender identity.
C) natural selection.
D) gender roles.

Question 18

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

A) personality traits
B) religious beliefs
C) political attitudes
D) moral values

Question 19

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half- century best illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by

A) temperament.
B) natural selection.
C) testosterone.
D) norms.

Question 20

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by

A) sound and music.
B) light and colors.
C) touch and massage.
D) movement and acceleration.

Question 21

Mutations are random errors in ________ replication.

A) gene
B) Chromosome
C) DNA
D) protein

Question 22

An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying

A) why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children.
B) hereditary influences on skin color.
C) why certain diseases are more common among certain age groups.
D) genetic differences in personality.

Question 23

A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar

A) temperaments.
B) personalities.
C) religious beliefs.
D) emotional reactivity.

Question 24

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences in sexuality have been criticized because

A) they offer "after-the-fact" explanations.
B) standards of attractiveness vary with time and place.
C) they underestimate cultural influences on sexuality.
D) of all of these reasons.

Question 25

Genetically male children who underwent sex-reassignment surgery and were raised as girls later

A) all described themselves as female.
B) all described themselves as male.
C) all had an unclear sexual identity.
D) described themselves either as female or male, or had an unclear sexual

Question 26

Casual, impulsive sex is most frequent among

A) males with high circulating levels of testosterone.
B) males with traditional masculine attitudes.
C) females and males who are weakly gender typed.
D) females and males who are strongly gender typed.

Question 27

Providing a child with a stimulating educational environment during early childhood is likely to

A) ensure the formation of a strong attachment with parents.
B) foster the development of a calm, easygoing temperament.
C) prevent neural connections from degenerating.
Do all of these things.

Question 28

A molecular geneticist would be most interested in studying

A) why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children.
B) environmental influences on skin color.
C) why certain diseases are more common among certain age groups.
D) which genes influence extraversion.

Question 29

Each cell of the human body has a total of

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 46 genes.

Question 30

The genome is best defined as

A) a complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
B) a segment of DNA.
C) the complete instructions for making an organism.
D) the code for synthesizing protein.

Question 31

Of the following, parents are most likely to influence their children's

A) temperament.
B) personality.
C) faith.
D) emotional reactivity.

Question 32

Women and men are most likely to be attracted to strongly gender-typed mates in cultures characterized by

A) gender inequality.
B) gender equality.
C) flexible gender roles.
D) few norms.

Question 33

Children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender typing

A) are less likely to display gender-typed behaviors themselves.
B) often become confused and develop an ambiguous gender identity.
C) nevertheless organize themselves into "girl worlds" and "boy worlds."
D) display excessively masculine and feminine traits as adults.

Question 34

The selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to

A) naturally separate into same-sex playgroups.
B) establish large, fluid circles of friends.
C) seek out friends with similar interests and attitudes.
D) choose friends their parents like.

Question 35

When the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another (such as heredity), we say there is a(n) ________ between the two factors.

A) Norm
B) positive correlation
C) negative correlation
D) interaction

Question 36

Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children

A) closely match those of their adoptive parents.
B) bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.
C) closely match those of the biological children of their adoptive parents.
D) closely match those of other children reared in the same home, whether or not

Question 37

Several studies of long-separated identical twins have found that these twins

A) have little in common because of the different environments in which they were raised.
B) have many similarities, in everything from medical histories to personalities.
C) have similar personalities, but very different likes, dislikes, and life-styles.
D) are no more similar than are fraternal twins reared apart.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cultural diversity?

A) Culture influences how we raise our children.
B) Culture influences how punctual we are.
C) Culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles aredefined.
D) All cultures evolve their own norms.

Question 39

Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing

A) hormones.
B) proteins.
C) DNA.
D) chromosomes.

Question 40

Chromosomes are composed of a coiled chain of

A) DNA molecules that contain genes.
B) DNA molecules that contain neurotransmitters.
C) DNA molecules that contain endorphins.
D) DNA molecules that contain enzymes.

Question 41

Unlike ________ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, ________ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs.

A) fraternal; identical
B) identical; fraternal
C) placental; nonplacental
D) nonplacental; placental

Question 42

The hormone testosterone

A) is found only in females.
B) determines the sex of the developing person.
C) stimulates growth of the female sex organs.
D) stimulates growth of the male sex organs.

Question 43

Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?

A) It is more extensive than most people believe.
B) It is weaker today than in the past.
C) It is more limited than popular psychology supposes.
D) It is almost completely unpredictable.

Question 44

The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception,

A) the sperm contributes an X chromosome.
B) the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
C) the egg contributes an X chromosome.
D) the egg contributes a Y chromosome.

Question 45

If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that

A) schizophrenia is caused by genes.
B) schizophrenia is influenced by genes.
C) environment is unimportant in the development of schizophrenia.
D) identical twins are especially vulnerable to mental disorders.

Question 46

A person's sense of being male or female is his or her gender

A) identity.
B) role.
C) type.
D) schema.

Question 47

Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in sexuality to the fact that women have

A) greater reproductive potential than do men.
B) lower reproductive potential than do men.
C) weaker sex drives than men.
D) stronger sex drives than men.

Question 48

The traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of

A) norms.
B) temperaments.
C) genes.
D) chromosomes.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT true regarding gender and sexuality?

A) Men more often than women attribute a woman's friendliness to sexual interest.
B) Women are more likely than men to cite affection as a reason for first intercourse.
C) Men are more likely than women to initiate sexual activity.
D) Gender differences in sexuality are noticeably absent among gay men and

Question 50

Adopted children grow up to be

A) more self-giving than average.
B) less psychologically disordered than average.
C) more extraverted than average.
D) less confused about their identity than average.

Question 51

Temperament refers to a person's characteristic

A) emotional reactivity and intensity.
B) attitudes.
C) behaviors.
D) role-related traits.

Question 52

Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

A) political attitudes
B) gender identity
C) extraversion
D) temperament

Question 53

Physiological tests reveal that anxious, inhibited infants

A) become less physiologically aroused when facing new situations.
B) have slow, steady heart rates.
C) have high and variable heart rates.
D) have underreactive nervous systems.

Question 54

Through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to

A) temperament.
B) survival.
C) aggressiveness.
D) social power.

Question 55

When evolutionary psychologists use the word fitness, they are specifically referring to

A) an animal's ability to adapt to changing environments.
B) the diversity of a species' gene pool.\
C) the total number of members of the species currently alive.
D) our ability to survive and reproduce.

Question 56

Research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies are regularly touched or massaged, they

A) become attached to the person doing the massaging.
B) develop faster neurologically.
C) have more agreeable temperaments.
D) do none of these things.

Question 57

A baby girl receives a(n)

A) Y chromosome from her father.
B) Y chromosome from her mother.
C) Y chromosome from her father and mother.
D) X chromosome from her father and mother.

Question 58

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

A) individualism.
B) genome.
C) collectivism.
D) neural connections.

Question 59

Gender refers to

A) the biological and social definition of male and female.
B) the biological definition of male and female.
C) one's sense of being male or female.
D) the extent to which one exhibits traditionally male or female traits.

Question 60

According to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem ________, while women are attracted to men who seem ________.

A) nurturing; youthful
B) youthful and fertile; mature and affluent
C) slender; muscular
D) exciting; dominant

Question 61

Compared with men, women are more likely to talk with others to

A) communicate solutions.
B) explore relationships.
C) demonstrate leadership skills.
D) express their unique opinions.

Question 62

Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to

A) evolutionary psychologists.
B) collectivists.
C) behavior geneticists.
D) Freudian psychologists.

Question 63

An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods

A) have hindered human reproduction.
B) are genetically predisposed.
C) vary widely across cultures.
D) are influenced by gender schemas.

Question 64

Chromosomes are located within human

A) bone cells.
B) genes.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) gender schemas.

Question 65

As members of the human family, we all share a common

A) temperament.
B) gender schema.
C) biological heritage.
D) Y chromosome.

Question 66

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for

A) providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors.
B) overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments.
C) underestimating gender differences in mate selection.
D) overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors.

Question 67

By inventing the custom of potato washing and passing it on to their peers and offspring, young chimpanzees are exhibiting a rudiment of

A) temperament.
B) collectivism.
C) gender schemas.
D) culture.

Question 68

By insisting that humans are "nothing but" products of nature and nurture, we run the greatest risk of undermining

A) collectivism.
B) individual responsibility.
C) natural selection.
D) gender identity.

Question 69

Carlos was born with cataracts in both eyes. Even though they were removed when he was 5, his lack of visual experiences during early childhood makes it likely that he has experienced

A) degeneration of neural connections in visual reception areas of the brain.
An inability to develop heritable traits.
Difficulty incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
A massive loss of sensory neurons.

Question 70

Compared with those in cultures that value individualism, people in collectivist cultures are especially likely to value personal

A) modesty.
B) privacy.
C) freedom.
D) achievements.

Question 71

Behavior geneticists are most likely to use twin and adoption studies to assess

A) gender schemas.
B) trait heritability.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) brain maturation.

Question 72

Critics of evolutionary psychology would be most likely to suggest that it has difficulty accounting for

A) differences in the behavior patterns of males and females.
B) similarities in the behavior patterns of males and females.
C) differences in the behavior patterns of Asians and Americans.
D) similarities in the behavior patterns of Asians and Americans.

Question 73

Exceptionally inhibited and fearful infants tend to become introverted adolescents. This best illustrates the long-term stability of

A) temperament.
B) individualism.
C) gender schemas.
D) the X chromosome.

Question 74

Beginning early in their prenatal development, identical twins are

A) placental.
B) epigenetic.
C) monozygotic.
D) gender schematic.

Question 75

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted

A) reproductive success.
B) personal happiness.
C) cultural diversity.
D) individualism.

Question 76

As compared to women, men are typically

A) more socially independent and less interested in religion.
B) less socially independent and more interested in religion.
C) more socially independent and more interested in religion.
D) less socially independent and less interested in religion.

Question 77

Evolutionary psychologists are most directly concerned with the impact of ________ on behavior.

A) gender schemas
B) collectivism
C) genetic predispositions

Question 78

Children's English accents are more likely to be influenced by their

A) peers than by their parents.
B) temperament than by their gender.
C) X chromosome than by their Y chromosome.
D) biological race than by their social environment.

Question 79

Fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of

A) a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.
B) two egg cells by a single sperm cell.
C) a single egg cell by two sperm cells.
D) two egg cells by two sperm cells.

Question 80

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that "a universal moral grammar" arises from our shared

A) human genome.
B) epigenetic molecules.
C) evocative interactions.
D) inhibited temperament.