Deck 12: Motivation and Work

Question 1

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates

A) relative deprivation.
B) the spillover effect.
C) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
D) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

B lymphocytes are formed in the

A) adrenal gland.
B) brainstem.
C) liver.
D) bone marrow.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of the

A) catharsis hypothesis.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) two-factor theory.
D) adaptation-level phenomenon.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Feigned smiles are initiated ________ abruptly and last for a ________ time than genuine smiles.

A) more; shorter
B) less; longer
C) more; longer
D) less; shorter

Question 5

If people wrinkle their noses in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food, they are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This best illustrates the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) relative deprivation principle.
C) feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
D) facial feedback effect.

Question 6

An approach to lie detection that assesses a suspect's physiological response to details of a crime known only to police investigators is called the

A) relative deprivation principle.
B) catharsis hypothesis.
C) adaptation-level principle.
D) guilty knowledge test.

Question 7

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

A) resistance.
B) exhaustion.
C) an alarm reaction.
D) low blood pressure.

Question 8

The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through

A) hand gestures.
B) body postures.
C) facial expressions.
D) tone of voice.

Question 9

Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

A) the relative deprivation theory
B) the James-Lange theory
C) the adaptation-level theory
D) the Cannon-Bard theory

Question 10

Evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________.

A) relative deprivation principle; adaptation-level phenomenon
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon; relative deprivation principle
C) James-Lange theory; two-factor theory
D) two-factor theory; the James-Lange theory

Question 11

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A) increases salivation and increases blood pressure.
B) decreases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
C) increases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
D) decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Question 12

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

A) Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor.
B) Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant.
C) Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist.
D) Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist.

Question 13

After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates

A) an optimistic outlook on life.
B) spontaneous remission.
C) a Type B personality.
D) emotion-focused coping.

Question 14

Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the

A) limbic system.
B) sensory cortex.
C) cerebellum.
D) left frontal lobe.

Question 15

Luciano believes that the best way to get over the anger he feels toward his high school teacher is to scream shameful profanities while hitting a punching bag. His belief best illustrates

A) relative deprivation.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) the catharsis hypothesis.
D) the guilty knowledge test.

Question 16

If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of

A) the catharsis hypothesis.
B) relative deprivation.
C) the James-Lange theory.
D) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Question 17

After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates the

A) two-factor theory.
B) adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Question 18

A lie detector test is used to monitor a person's

A) insulin levels.
B) stomach contraction.
C) brain activity.
D) respiration.

Question 19

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of

A) biofeedback.
B) stress appraisal.
C) spontaneous remission.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 20

People tend to use emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping when they

A) believe they cannot change a stressful situation.
B) appraise a stressful event as a challenge rather than a threat.
C) enter the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome.
D) deal with the stress of daily hassles such as obnoxious cell-phone talkers.

Question 21

(Thinking Critically) Many psychologists are opposed to the use of lie detectors because

A) they represent an invasion of a person's privacy and could easily be used for unethical purposes.
B) there are often serious discrepancies among the various indicators such as perspiration and heart rate.
C) polygraphs cannot distinguish the various possible causes of arousal.
D) they are accurate only about 50 percent of the time.

Question 22

Professor Crane was ecstatic when he learned that his research study had been approved for publication. His feelings of joy quickly dissipated, however, when he heard a colleague recently had three different research articles accepted for publication. His declining emotional satisfaction is best explained in terms of

A) the facial feedback effect.
B) relative deprivation.
C) the James-Lange theory.
D) the adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 23

People who are exuberant and persistently cheerful show increased activity in the brain's ________.

A) right frontal
B) left frontal lobe
C) amygdala
D) thalamus

Question 24

(Thinking Critically) Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of

A) psychophysiological medicine.
B) complementary and alternative medicine.
C) Chi therapy.
D) psychosomatic medicine.

Question 25

(Thinking Critically) The polygraph measures

A) lying.
B) brain rhythms.
C) chemical changes in the body.
D) physiological indexes of arousal.

Question 26

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream.

A) serotonin
B) carcinogens
C) lymphocytes
D) epinephrine

Question 27

Izard believes that there are ________ basic emotions.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 28

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pituitary gland.
D) hippocampus.

Question 29

AIDS is a disorder that causes a breakdown in the body's

A) endocrine system.
B) circulatory system.
C) immune system.
D) respiratory system.

Question 30

Some emotional responses to visual stimuli appear to involve no deliberate thinking. These emotional responses are said to follow a "low-road" pathway that bypasses the

A) thalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) optic nerve.

Question 31

Religiously active AIDS patients ________ than do their nonreligious counterparts.

A) survive longer
B) have more depressed moods
C) have higher stress hormone levels
D) exhibit fewer problem-focused coping skills

Question 32

In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is

A) alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion.
B) stage of resistance, alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion.
C) stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction.
D) alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance.

Question 33

Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused by

A) an overreactive immune system.
B) an underreactive immune system.
C) the presence of B lymphocytes.
D) the presence of T lymphocytes.

Question 34

One effect of stress on the body is to

A) suppress the immune system.
B) facilitate the immune system response.
C) increase disease resistance.
D) increase the growth of B and T lymphocytes.

Question 35

When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the

A) catharsis hypothesis.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) relative deprivation principle.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 36

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are

A) afraid.
B) angry.
C) lying.
D) disgusted

Question 37

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to _______.

A) epinephrine; norepinephrine
B) obesity; cancer
C) time-conscious; competitive
D) irritable; calm

Question 38

Concerning the catharsis hypothesis, which of the following is true?

A) Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling
Guilty or anxious.
B) The arousal that accompanies unexpressed anger never dissipates.
C) Expressing one's anger always calms one down.
D) Psychologists agree that under no circumstances is catharsis beneficial.

Question 39

In an emergency situation, emotional arousal will result in

A) increased rate of respiration.
B) increased blood sugar.
C) a slowing of digestion.
D) all of these events.

Question 40

Compared with men, women

A) have stronger immune systems.
B) are less susceptible to infections.
C) are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
D) have all these characteristics.

Question 41

Which of the following most accurately describes emotional arousal?

A) Emotions prepare the body to fight or flee.
B) Emotions are voluntary reactions to emotion-arousing stimuli.
C) Because all emotions have the same physiological basis, emotions are primarily psychological events.
D) Emotional arousal is always accompanied by cognition.

Question 42

Which of the following is true of biofeedback training?

A) A person is given sensory feedback for a subtle body response.
B) Biological functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system may come under conscious control.
C) The accompanying relaxation is much the same as that produced by other, simpler methods of relaxation.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 43

Which of these factors have researchers NOT found to correlate with happiness?

A) age
B) high self-esteem
C) religious faith
D) optimism

Question 44

The component of Type A behavior that is the most predictive of coronary disease is

A) time urgency.
B) competitiveness.
C) high motivation.
D) anger.

Question 45

When students studied others who were worse off than themselves, they felt greater satisfaction with their own lives. This is an example of the principle of

A) relative deprivation.
B) adaptation level.
C) behavioral contrast.
D) opponent processes.

Question 46

When he asked people how they handled anger, James Averill found that they often recalled

A) reacting hurtfully.
B) walking away from the situation.
C) reacting assertively.
D) internalizing the anger.

Question 47

Which of the following was NOT suggested as a possible explanation of the faith factor in health?

A) Having a coherent worldview is a buffer against stress.
B) Religious people tend to have healthier lifestyles.
C) Those who are religious have stronger networks of social support.
D) Because they are more affluent, religiously active people receive better health

Question 48

(Thinking Critically) Current estimates are that an innocent person taking a polygraph test would have been declared guilty approximately ________ of the time.

A) three-fourths
B) one-half
C) one-third
D) one-fourth

Question 49

Which theory of emotion implies that every emotion is associated with a unique physiological reaction?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) catharsis theory

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding gestures and facial expressions?

A) Gestures are universal; facial expressions, culture-specific.
B) Facial expressions are universal; gestures, culture-specific.
C) Both gestures and facial expressions are universal.
D) Both gestures and facial expressions are culture-specific.

Question 51

A graph depicting the course of positive emotions over the hours of the day since waking would

A) start low and rise steadily until bedtime.
B) start high and decrease steadily until bedtime.
C) remain at a stable, moderate level throughout the day.
D) rise over the early hours and fall during the day's last several hours.

Question 52

Several studies have shown that physical arousal can intensify just about any emotion. For example, when people who have been physically aroused by exercise are insulted, they often misattribute their arousal to the insult. This finding illustrates the importance of

A) cognitive labels of arousal in the conscious experience of emotions.
B) a minimum level of arousal in triggering emotional experiences.
C) the simultaneous occurrence of physical arousal and cognitive labeling in emotional experience.
D) all of these things.

Question 53

Schachter's and Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both

A) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system.
B) verbal and nonverbal expression.
C) physical arousal and a cognitive label.
D) universal and culture-specific aspects.

Question 54

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of the body's response and emotional feeling?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) catharsis theory

Question 55

Which of the following was NOT presented in the text as evidence that some emotional reactions involve no deliberate, rational thinking?

A) Some of the neural pathways involved in emotion are separate from those involved in thinking and memory.
B) Emotional reactions are sometimes quicker than our interpretations of a situation.
C) People can develop an emotional preference for visual stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed.
D) Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system will trigger an emotional reaction

Question 56

The field of health psychology is concerned with

A) the prevention of illness.
B) the promotion of health.
C) the treatment of illness.
D) all of these things.

Question 57

Tend and befriend refers to

A) the final stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
B) the health-promoting impact of having a strong system of social support.
C) an alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be more common in
Women.
D) the fact that spiritual people typically are not socially isolated.

Question 58

(Thinking Critically) Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the

A) inductive approach.
B) deductive approach.
C) guilty knowledge test.
D) screening examination.

Question 59

A study in which Holocaust survivors spent time recalling their experiences found that

A) most did not truthfully report feelings and events.
B) all survivors experienced a sustained increase in blood pressure until they finished talking about their experiences.
C) those who were most self-disclosing later had the most improved health.
D) all the survivors denied undergoing concentration camp horrors.

Question 60

The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are

A) B lymphocytes.
B) T lymphocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) all of these types of cells.

Question 61

Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or she

A) is feeling guilty about something.
B) is happy.
C) recently received help from another person.
D) recently offered help to another person.

Question 62

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that

A) emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
B) the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's
Physical reaction.
C) emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body's responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
D) emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run.

Question 63

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the ________ gland(s) in response to stimulation by the ________ branch of the nervous system.

A) pituitary; sympathetic
B) pituitary; parasympathetic
C) adrenal; sympathetic
D) adrenal; parasympathetic

Question 64

Genuine illnesses that are caused by stress are called ________ illnesses.

A) psychophysiological
B) cathartic
C) psychogenic
D) psychotropic

Question 65

Research has demonstrated that as a predictor of health and longevity, religious involvement

A) has a small, insignificant effect.
B) is more accurate for women than men.
C) is more accurate for men than women.
D) rivals nonsmoking and exercise.

Question 66

Stress is defined as

A) unpleasant or aversive events that cannot be controlled.
B) situations that threaten health.
C) the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening
Events.
D) anything that decreases immune responses.

Question 67

Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that

A) it is easy to hide your emotions by controlling your facial expressions.
B) facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from
Culture to culture.
C) most authentic expressions last between 7 and 10 seconds.
D) most gestures have universal meanings; facial expressions vary from culture to

Question 68

In laboratory experiments, fear and joy

A) result in an increase in heart rate.
B) stimulate different facial muscles.
C) increase heart rate and stimulate different facial muscles.
D) result in a decrease in heart rate.

Question 69

Research with subliminally flashed stimuli supports Robert Zajonc's view that

A) the heart is always subject to the mind.
B) emotional reactions involve deliberate rational thinking.
C) cognition is not necessary for emotion.
D) responding to a subliminal stimulus is a learned skill.

Question 70

Catharsis will be most effective in reducing anger toward another person if

A) you wait until you are no longer angry before confronting the person.
B) the target of your anger is someone you feel has power over you.
C) your anger is directed specifically toward the person who angered you.
D) the other person is able to retaliate by also expressing anger.

Question 71

Behavioral and medical knowledge about factors influencing health form the basis of the field of

A) health psychology.
B) holistic medicine.
C) behavioral medicine.
D) osteopathic medicine.

Question 72

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing a stressor or how we interact with it is an example of

A) problem-focused coping.
B) emotion-focused coping.
C) managing rather than coping with stress.
D) catharsis.

Question 73

Social support ________ our ability to cope with stressful events.

A) has no effect on
B) usually increases
C) usually decreases
D) has an unpredictable effect on

Question 74

Stress has been demonstrated to place a person at increased risk of

A) cancer.
B) progressing from HIV infection to AIDS.
C) bacterial infections.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 75

The leading cause of death in North America is

A) lung cancer.
B) AIDS.
C) coronary heart disease.
D) alcohol-related accidents.

Question 76

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?

A) alarm reaction
B) stage of resistance
C) stage of exhaustion
D) stage of adaptation

Question 77

Research suggests that people generally experience the greatest well-being when they strive for

A) wealth.
B) modest income increases from year to year.
C) slightly higher status than their friends, neighbors, and co-workers.
D) intimacy and personal growth.

Question 78

Emotions consist of which of the following components?

A) physiological reactions
B) behavioral expressions
C) conscious feelings
D) all of these components

Question 79

In the Schachter-Singer experiment, which college men reported feeling an emotional change in the presence of the experimenter's highly emotional confederate?

A) those receiving epinephrine and expecting to feel physical arousal
B) those receiving a placebo and expecting to feel physical arousal
C) those receiving epinephrine but not expecting to feel physical arousal
D) those receiving a placebo and not expecting to feel physical arousal

Question 80

Concerning emotions and their accompanying bodily responses, which of the following appears to be true?

A) Each emotion has its own bodily response and underlying brain circuit.
B) All emotions involve the same bodily response as a result of the same underlying brain circuit.
C) Many emotions involve similar bodily responses but have different underlying
Brain circuits.
D) All emotions have the same underlying brain circuits but different bodily