Deck 15: Personality

Question 1

Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for

A) panic disorder.
B) schizophrenia.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the

A) psychodynamic perspective.
B) biopsychosocial approach.
C) medical model.
D) social-cognitive perspective.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

A) DID.
B) medical model.
C) DSM-IV-TR.
D) biopsychosocial approach.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

Question 5

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

A) linkage analysis.
B) a biopsychosocial approach.
C) the medical model.
D) the learning perspective.

Question 6

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

A) panic disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) a histrionic personality disorder.

Question 7

Although Mark realizes that his behavior is unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high bridges or expressway overpasses that he avoids them by taking an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) a mood disorder.
C) a phobia.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 8

Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

A) bulimia nervosa.
B) agoraphobia.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) panic disorder.

Question 9

Michael complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him that he is so evil he should drown himself. Michael is experiencing

A) a panic attack.
B) catatonia.
C) flat affect.
D) hallucinations.

Question 10

Low levels of anxiety are most characteristic of

A) antisocial personality disorder.
B) dissociative identity disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 11

A sudden loss of memory is a symptom of

A) bipolar disorder.
B) a dissociative disorder.
C) panic disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 12

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

A)

Question 13

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

A) DID.
B) OCD.
C) PTSD.
D) ADHD.

Question 14

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) mania.
D) panic disorder.

Question 15

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a

A) DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.
B) linkage analysis.
C) medical model.
D) social-cognitive perspective.

Question 16

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

A) a manic episode.
B) schizophrenia.
C) a dissociative disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 17

Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances.

A) overthink
B) externalize blame
C) suffer memory loss
D) become socially withdrawn

Question 18

Symptoms of schizophrenia begin to appear at a median age of about

A) 5.
B) 12.
C) 20.
D) 32.

Question 19

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

A) bipolar disorder.
B) panic disorder.
C) dissociative disorders.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 20

After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the

A) dangers of dissociative identity disorder.
B) unreliability of the DSM-IV-TR.
C) biasing power of diagnostic labels.
D) shortcomings of the social-cognitive perspective.

Question 21

Research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ________ during prenatal development.

A) maternal stress
B) a viral infection contracted
C) abnormal levels of certain hormones
D) the weight of the unborn child

Question 22

Psychodynamic and learning theorists both agree that dissociative and anxiety disorders are symptoms that represent the person's attempt to deal with

A) unconscious conflicts.
B) anxiety.
C) unfulfilled wishes.
D) unpleasant responsibilities.

Question 23

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of

Question 24

Social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with

A) negative moods.
B) maladaptive explanations of failure.
C) self-defeating beliefs.
D) all of these characteristics.

Question 25

Our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to

A) "bad blood."
B) evil spirits.
C) brain injury.
D) laziness.

Question 26

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce

Question 27

Behavior is classified as disordered when it

A) is deviant.
B) is distressful.
C) is dysfunctional.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 28

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Question 29

Among the following, which is generally accepted as a possible cause of schizophrenia?

A) an excess of endorphins in the brain
B) being a twin
C) extensive learned helplessness
D) a genetic predisposition

Question 30

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

Question 31

Many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in

A) selective attention.
B) memory storage.
C) motivation.
D) memory retrieval.

Question 32

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from

Question 33

The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder.

Question 34

In general, women are more vulnerable than men to

A) external disorders such as anxiety.
B) internal disorders such as depression.
C) external disorders such as antisocial conduct.
D) internal disorders such as alcohol dependence.

Question 35

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

Question 36

Although the cause of eating disorders is still unknown, proposed explanations focus on all the following, EXCEPT

A) metabolic factors.
B) genetic factors.
C) family background factors.
D) cultural factors.

Question 37

(Thinking Critically) Nicholas Spanos considers dissociative identity disorder to be

A) a genuine disorder.
B) merely role-playing.
C) a disorder that cannot be explained according to the learning perspective.
D) a biological phenomenon.

Question 38

Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

Question 39

Most practitioners find the DSM-IV-TR a helpful and practical tool despite its

A) failure to emphasize observable behaviors in the diagnostic process.
B) learning theory bias.
C) medical model bias.
D) psychoanalytic bias.

Question 40

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from

Question 41

Which of the following is true concerning abnormal behavior?

A) Definitions of abnormal behavior are culture-dependent.
B) A behavior cannot be defined as abnormal unless it is considered harmful to society.
C) Abnormal behavior can be defined as any behavior that is distressful.
D) Definitions of abnormal behavior are based on physiological factors.

Question 42

Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as ________, are universal, whereas others, such as ________, are culture-bound.

A) schizophrenia; depression
B) depression; schizophrenia
C) antisocial personality; neurosis
D) depression; anorexia nervosa

Question 43

Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur

A) women tend to act, while men tend to think.
B) women tend to think, while men tend to act.
C) women tend to distract themselves by drinking, while men tend to delve into their work.
D) women tend to delve into their work, while men tend to distract themselves by
E) drinking.

Question 44

Because of some troubling thoughts, Carl recently had a PET scan of his brain that revealed excessive activity in the anterior cingulate area. Carl's psychiatrist believes that Carl suffers from

A) schizophrenia.
B) a mood disorder.
C) a personality disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?

A) inappropriate emotions
B) disturbed perceptions
C) panic attacks
D) disorganized thinking

Question 46

In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would

A) increase levels of acetylcholine.
B) decrease levels of dopamine.
C) increase levels of norepinephrine.
D) decrease levels of serotonin.

Question 47

The criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered

A) vary from culture to culture.
B) vary from time to time.
C) vary by culture and with time.
D) have remained largely unchanged over the course of history.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of the medical model?

A) In recent years, it has been in large part discredited.
B) It views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and
Treatable.
C) It emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disorders over that of physiological factors.
D) It focuses on cognitive factors.

Question 49

According to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a(n)

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) dissociative disorder.
C) personality disorder.
D) mood disorder.

Question 50

The fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ________ model of psychological disorders.

A) medical
B) biopsychosocial
C) social-cultural
D) psychoanalytic

Question 51

Most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors

A) are usually genetically triggered.
B) are organic diseases.
C) arise from the interaction of nature and nurture.
D) are the product of learning.

Question 52

The psychodynamic perspective would most likely view phobias as

A) conditioned fears.
B) displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses.
C) biological predispositions.
D) manifestations of self-defeating thoughts.

Question 53

Phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as

A) anxiety disorders.
B) mood disorders.
C) dissociative disorders.
D) personality disorders.

Question 54

Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of

A) smell.
B) vision.
C) hearing.
D) touch.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT true of mood disorders, according to the biological perspective?

A) Activity in the left frontal lobe is increased during a depressed state.
Norepinephrine is scarce during depression.
B) Brain reward centers are less active during a depressed state.
C) The hippocampus, which is linked with the brain's emotion circuitry, is
D) vulnerable to stress-related damage.

Question 56

(Thinking Critically) The term insanity refers to

A) legal definitions.
B) psychotic disorders only.
C) personality disorders only.
D) both psychotic disorders and personality disorders.

Question 57

Women in ________ consider "bigger" to be the ideal body shape.

A) Western cultures
B) countries such as Africa, where thinness can signal poverty,
C) the United States
D) Australia, New Zealand, and England

Question 58

Which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behaviors is NOT true?

A) Labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders.
B) Labels promote research studies of psychological disorders.
C) Labels may create preconceptions that bias people's perceptions.
D) Labels may influence behavior by creating self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 59

Which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected to the evolutionary process?

A) Compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species' survival.
B) Most phobias focus on objects that our ancestors also feared.
C) It is easier to condition some fears than others.
D) All of these provide evidence.

Question 60

Hearing voices would be a(n) ________; believing that you are Napoleon would be a(n) ________.

A) obsession; compulsion
B) compulsion; obsession
C) delusion; hallucination
D) hallucination; delusion

Question 61

A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize

A) the distinction between consciously and unconsciously motivated substance abuse.
B) the similarities between substance abuse disorders and personality disorders.
C) the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuse.
D) that substance abuse is simply a lifestyle choice and not a psychological

Question 62

Which of the following is true concerning eating disorders?

A) Genetic factors may influence susceptibility.
B) Cultural pressures for thinness strongly influence teenage girls.
C) Family background is a significant factor.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 63

A post-traumatic stress disorder is considered to be a(n) ________ disorder.

A) dissociative
B) mood
C) personality
D) anxiety

Question 64

A PET scan study of people with ________ found increased activity in the amygdala.

A) mania
B) paranoia
C) catatonia
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT true concerning depression?

A) Depression is more common in women than in men.
B) Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or
Event.
C) With each new generation, depression is striking earlier.
D) Most people recover from depression without professional therapy.

Question 66

When expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial disorder, as compared to normal people, show

A) less fear and greater arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
B) less fear and less autonomic arousal.
C) greater fear and greater autonomic arousal.
D) greater fear and less autonomic arousal.

Question 67

Which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders?

A) Identical twins often develop similar phobias.
B) Brain scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal unusually high activity in the anterior cingulate cortex.
C) Drugs that dampen fear-circuit activity in the amygdala also alleviate OCD.
D) All of these findings were presented.

Question 68

A rape victim may experience a panic attack when she sees anyone wearing a coat that resembles the one worn by her attacker. This reaction best illustrates the process of

A) observational learning.
B) reinforcement.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) linkage analysis.

Question 69

The view that all behavior arises from the interaction of heredity and environment is referred to as the ________ approach.

A) biopsychosocial
B) psychodynamic
C) medical
D) conditioning

Question 70

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-IV-TR in order to ________ various psychological disorders.

A) cure
B) prevent
C) explain
D) identify

Question 71

When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called ________ schizophrenia, recovery is ________.

A) reactive; unlikely
B) process; likely
C) process; unlikely
D) reactive; likely

Question 72

A reduced level of synchronized neural activity in the frontal lobes has been associated with symptoms of

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) agoraphobia.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 73

The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to

A) alleviate schizophrenia symptoms.
B) alleviate depression.
C) increase schizophrenia symptoms.
D) increase depression.

Question 74

A parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements is most common among those with ________ schizophrenia.

A) catatonic
B) disorganized
C) undifferentiated
D) paranoid

Question 75

A person who has agoraphobia is most likely to

A) avoid dust and dirt.
B) stay away from fire.
C) avoid household pets.
D) avoid being outside his or her home.

Question 76

The diagnostic reliability of DSM-IV-TR

A) is unknown.
B) depends on the age of the patient.
C) is very low.
D) is relatively high.

Question 77

Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) bipolar disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT true regarding schizophrenia?

A) It occurs more frequently in people born in winter and spring months.
B) It occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined.
C) It occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.
D) It usually appears during adolescence or early adulthood.

Question 79

A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who experience ________ disorder.

A) a dissociative
B) antisocial personality
C) generalized anxiety
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 80

A schizoid personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

A) emotionless disengagement.
B) shallow, attention-getting emotional displays.
C) a sense of self-importance.
D) a fear of social rejection.