Deck 20: Insight, Language, and Memory: Exploring Cognitive Processe

Question 1

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve

A) concepts.
B) prototypes.
C) cognition.
D) strategy-based solutions.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird.

A) heuristic
B) prototype
C) algorithm
D) phoneme

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The two-word stage of language development typically begins at the age of ________ months.

A) 6
B) 10
C) 24
D) 36

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) late adulthood.

Question 5

The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of

A) framing.
B) confirmation bias.
C) an algorithm.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 6

If you are experiencing a fixation, you are searching for information that supports your preconceptions.

A) unable to see a problem from fresh perspective.
B) estimating the likelihood of a correct solution to your problem based on its
C) availability in memory.
D) overestimating the accuracy of your judgment.

Question 7

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit

A) overconfidence.
B) the framing effect.
C) process simulation.
D) linguistic determinism.

Question 8

Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English

A) morpheme.
B) prototype.
C) phoneme.
D) heuristic.

Question 9

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

A) an algorithm.
B) trial and error.
C) framing.
D) a heuristic.

Question 10

When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English language rule of

A) semantics.
B) algorithms.
C) syntax.
D) telegraphic speech.

Question 11

Brain scans reveal that different ________ are activated when we process verbs rather than nouns.

A) algorithms
B) heuristics
C) neural networks
D) critical periods

Question 12

Prototypes are especially important in the process of trial and error.

A) constructing algorithms.
B) developing language.
C) classifying objects.

Question 13

Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This best illustrates

A) telegraphic speech.
B) linguistic determinism.
C) fixation.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 14

Rico, the border collie, can fetch 200 items by name. If asked to retrieve a toy with a name he has never heard before, Rico will fetch a toy that is

A) a prototype.
B) new.
C) most easily available.
D) broken.

Question 15

In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion most likely result in aphasia?

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) Wernicke's area
D) cerebellum

Question 16

Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence. When later informed that the rumor had been patently false, the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it was originally. This best illustrates

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) belief perseverance.
D) framing.

Question 17

College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of

A) framing.
B) confirmation bias.
C) a fixation.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 18

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of

A) the availability heuristic.
B) belief perseverance.
C) an algorithm.
D) framing.

Question 19

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness. Max's oversight best illustrates

A) a fixation.
B) the framing effect.
C) an algorithm.
D) a critical period.

Question 20

Because he erroneously believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for any signs of laziness among his senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates

A) the availability heuristic.
B) an algorithm.
C) confirmation bias.
D) framing.

Question 21

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) state-dependent

Question 22

When her professor failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised for a question, Judy began to think her professor was unfriendly. Although she subsequently learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, she continued thinking the professor was unfriendly. Judy's reaction best illustrates

A) the framing effect.
B) belief perseverance.
C) a critical period.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 23

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

A) hippocampus.
B) cerebellum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) amygdala.

Question 24

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

A) the spacing effect.
B) iconic memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) chunking.

Question 25

During a lecture, your professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun he is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of

A) language on thinking.
B) a fixation on problem solving.
C) telegraphic speech on universal grammar.
D) insight on decision making.

Question 26

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short- term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 27

A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of

A) recall.
B) recognition.
C) reconstruction.
D) relearning.

Question 28

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

A) repression.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) retroactive interference.
D) the misinformation effect.

Question 29

Activating memories of your childhood by forming vivid mental images of various locations in your childhood home best illustrates

A) automatic processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.

Question 30

The older a person is when moving to a new country, the harder it is to learn the language. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for learning language.

A) heuristics
B) mental age
C) algorithms
D) a critical period

Question 31

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop

A) concepts.
B) syntax.
C) heuristics.
D) algorithms.

Question 32

The word "chimps" contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

A) 5; 2
B) 6; 1
C) 2; 5
D) 1; 6

Question 33

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

A) semantics.
B) algorithms.
C) syntax.
D) phonemes.

Question 34

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

A) a mental image of one's best friend
B) the date of one's own birth
C) a conditioned fear of guns
D) one's own name

Question 35

Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five minutes each day visualizing themselves reading their assigned chapters, going over their notes, and eliminating study distractions. This ________ simulation had a ________ effect on their exam scores.

A) process; negative
B) outcome; positive
C) process; positive
D) outcome; negative

Question 36

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 37

As a result of an automobile accident, Jenny suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area. Jenny is most likely to experience

A) auditory hallucinations.
B) memory loss.
C) aphasia.
D) paralysis of her left limbs.

Question 38

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

A) long-term
B) implicit
C) short-term
D) explicit

Question 39

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz?

A) How well does the word describe you?
B) Does the word consist of ten letters?
C) Is the word written in capital letters?
D) Does the word rhyme with obsessed?

Question 40

Vocal sounds that are not included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage during the ________ stage of language development.

A) one-word
B) two-word
C) telegraphic
D) babbling

Question 41

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Question 42

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

A) priming
B) semantic encoding
C) proactive interference
D) long-term potentiation

Question 43

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

A) retroactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) iconic memory.

Question 44

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

A) the spacing effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) implicit memory.

Question 45

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 46

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

A) source amnesia.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 47

After being bittenb. his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced feara. the sight of that dog but nota. the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

A) extinction.
B) discrimination.
C) conditioned reinforcement.
D) latent learning.

Question 48

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented withouta. air puff is a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 49

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

A) procedural memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) the serial position effect.
D) deep processing.

Question 50

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) retrieval failure.

Question 51

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 52

The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to

A) chunking.
B) storage decay.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) long-term potentiation.

Question 53

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) amygdala

Question 54

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to lightb. repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

A) negative reinforcer.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned reinforcer.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 55

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear mayb. aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) the law of effect.

Question 56

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become

A) retrieval cues.
B) short-term memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 57

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) short-term
C) nondeclaritive
D) state-dependent

Question 58

Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

A) basal ganglia.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebellum.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 59

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

A) the peg-word system.
B) procedural memory.
C) effortful processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 60

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

A) short-term memory and long-term memory.
B) proactive interference and retroactive interference.
C) explicit memory and implicit memory.
D) recognition and recall.

Question 61

For professional baseball players, swinginga. a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio

Question 62

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

A) the law of effect.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) respondent behavior.
D) associative learning.

Question 63

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of studentsb. imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. In this case, the time-out is a

A) conditioned reinforcer.
B) negative reinforcer.
C) primary reinforcer.
D) punishment.

Question 64

A word of praise is to a soothing back ruba. ________ is to ________.

A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
B) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
C) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
D) conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Question 65

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

A) respondent behavior.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 66

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) _____.

A) CS; US
B) UR; CS
C) secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
D) negative reinforcer; operant behavior

Question 67

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

A) partial
B) primary
C) conditioned
D) delayed

Question 68

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) respondent behavior.
C) operant conditioning.
D) latent learning.

Question 69

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivatinga. the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

A) primary reinforcer.
B) unconditional stimulus.
C) immediate reinforcer.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 70

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably developa. aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) biological predispositions.
C) conditioned reinforcers.
D) the law of effect.

Question 71

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by

A) Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation.
B) Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion.
C) Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.
D) Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

Question 72

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 73

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio

Question 74

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) decreases; decreases
D) has no effect on; has no effect on

Question 75

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terrora. the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

A) an unconditioned response.
B) operant conditioning.
C) latent learning.
D) generalization.

Question 76

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

A) generalization.
B) partial reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) shaping.

Question 77

Children who are promised a payoff for playing witha. interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) primary reinforcers
C) cognitive processes
D) negative reinforcers

Question 78

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienceda. unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

A) latent learning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) shaping.

Question 79

Research participants formed more gut-level liking for Pokmon characters associated with positive rather than negative images. This best illustrates the impact of

A) classical conditioning.
B) the law of effect.
C) negative reinforcers.
D) intrinsic motivation.

Question 80

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates

A) generalization.
B) latent learning.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) higher-order conditioning.