Deck 19: Fluids and Electrolytes

Question 1

Positively charged ions are called _____. and negatively charged ions are called _____.

Answer 1

In the body the water contains dissolved mineral salts known as electrolytes. The electrolytes dissociate in solution producing positively and negatively charged ions.
The positively charged ions are called as cations and negatively charged ions are called anions.

Question 2

The numbered column lists several clinical conditions associated with acid-base balance disturbances. The lettered column lists the four types of acid-base disturbances. Match the letter with the clinical condition. There are six conditions but only four acid-base disturbances; thus, some letters are used more than once, and some may not be used at all.

Answer 2

1
Ketosis commonly observed in type-I diabetes because of inability of carbohydrate utilization. This may lead to starvation and vomiting preventing the retention of nutrients.
The condition diabetes - excess ketone bodies formed matches with option (A).
2
Respiratory alkalosis is a condition resulted due to hyperventilation lowering the alveolar PCO 2.
The condition hyperventilation - fall in alveolar PCO 2 matches with option (D).
3
Respiratory acidosis resulted due to failure of lungs to excrete carbon dioxide efficiently. It is a secondary condition to a chronic lung disease like pulmonary emphysema in which pulmonary ventilation is affected.
The condition impaired lung function caused by chronic pulmonary disease matches with option (B).
4
The renal failure causes metabolic acidosis due to its inefficiency of eliminating various acid products. Ketosis occurs due to excess production of acid ketone bodies in the form of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid due to fat metabolism.
The condition kidney failure - retention of nonvolatile acids matches with option (A).
5
Metabolic alkalosis is a condition caused due to acid base disturbance resulting in elevated sodium bicarbonate concentration than carbonic acid concentration. The loss of gastric juice through vomiting or through aspiration of gastric contents may result in metabolic alkalosis.
The condition excess loss or gastric juice resulting from vomiting matches with option (C).
6
Metabolic alkalosis is a condition caused due to acid base disturbance resulting in elevated sodium bicarbonate concentration than carbonic acid concentration. Using excessive adrenal corticosteroids may result in metabolic alkalosis.
The condition adrenal corticosteroid excess matches with option (C).

Question 3

What is the difference between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid?

Answer 3

The surrounding environment where an organism lives is called as external environment. The fluid surrounding the cell through which exchange of components occur to sustain life is known as the internal environment.
The whole content of fluid contained within all body cells is known as intracellular fluid (ICF). The external components along with the fluid outside the cells are called extracellular fluid (ECF). The extra cellular fluid occurs outside the cells within the body.
The extra cellular fluid is composed of two components called plasma and interstitial fluid. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood and the interstitial fluid is the fluid surrounding the cells in which the cells are immersed.

Question 4

Mary Martin is a 28-year-old woman planning to enter the Boston marathon. She has been advised to drink lots of fluid during the marathon, but other people tell her not to drink too much fluid. She is confused about what to do. What would you tell her?

Question 5

The units of concentration of electrolytes are expressed as _____.

Question 6

What is meant by the following terms: milliequivalent, diuretic, carbonic anhydrase , and buffer ?

Question 7

The two principal ions in intracellular fluids are _____ and _____.

Question 8

What is metabolic acidosis? How does it arise? What are the body's compensatory mechanisms?

Question 9

What is respiratory acidosis? How does it arise? What are the body's compensatory mechanisms?

Question 10

What is respiratory alkalosis? How does it arise? What are the body's compensatory mechanisms?

Question 11

Eric Jones is a 57-year-old man with chronic kidney disease and was recently discharged from the hospital after being treated for kidney failure. He was told that his blood was "too acid." He asks you what this means, and why it developed. What would you tell him?