Deck 3: Socialization Through the Life Course

Question 1

Jada is an extremely picky eater, preferring plain foods with no condiments.Her friend Gina is helping Jada expand her tastes.Gina first praises Jada for squirting ketchup on her plate but not eating it.After a week of complimenting this behavior, Gina stops.Gina next offers praise when Jada begins to eat the ketchup with her fries.Gina is socializing Jada using __________.

A)Intrinsic motivation
B)Shaping
C)Negative reinforcement
D)Fixed-ratio reinforcement

Answer 1

Shaping

Question 2

The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study found _____________.

A)Maternal employment during the first year resulted in lower vocabulary scores at age three for white families but not black or Hispanic families
B)Maternal employment during the first year resulted in higher levels of behavior problems at age three for Hispanic families
C)Maternal employment during the first year resulted in delayed fine motor skill development at age three for black families
D)Both A and B

Answer 2

Both A and B

Question 3

Which of the following is not one of the components of socialization?

A)Agent
B)Target
C)Reinforcement
D)Neither b nor c are a component of socialization

Answer 3

Reinforcement

Question 4

Infants form attachments (warm, close relationships producing a sense of security and stimulation) more easily with the mother than the father.

Question 5

Peers as an agent of socialization differs from family socialization in the following ways, except:

A)Peer groups are more homogenous in sex and age
B)Peer interaction are more spontaneous
C)Peers alone influence body image
D)Peer interactions are voluntary

Question 6

Beliefs about which behaviors are acceptable and which are unacceptable for specific persons in specific situations are known as _____________.

A)Morals
B)Ethics
C)Values
D)Norms

Question 7

Christopher is studying how Americans in their late teens and early twenties transition into adult roles.He is especially interested in how schools, the family, and other institutions-such as religious organizations-act as socializing agents during this important period in people's lives.Which perspective on socialization is Christopher most likely utilizing?

A)The developmental perspective
B)The social learning perspective
C)The interpretive perspective
D)The impact of social structure

Question 8

Private speech-when children talk to themselves from the ages of three to seven-contributes to a child develop the following, except:

A)Extensive vocabulary
B)Sense of self
C)Awareness of the physical and social environment
D)Self-regulation

Question 9

Desmond's favorite hobby is to bake and decorate fancy cakes to share with family and friends.Despite being very good at it, he does not want to make it a career; he knows that once he bakes for pay he will no longer enjoy it, and he worries that the quality of his work would decline.This is an example of _____________.

A)Self-reinforcement
B)Extrinsic motivation
C)Intrinsic motivation
D)Instrumental conditioning

Question 10

Which of the items below is not likely an influence on the growing number of women in the workforce?

A)Increased need for dual income households
B)Rising divorce rates
C)Shifting attitudes
D)Time saving technology in the home

Question 11

Gender role socialization begins early.At birth, _____________.

A)Male infants are handled less than female infants
B)Male infants are handled more roughly than female infants
C)Mothers use more direct speech than fathers
D)Fathers speak more to sons than daughters

Question 12

The social learning perspective takes the position that the processes of social learning are universal.

Question 13

Research shows definitively that parental divorce causes negative outcomes, such as lowered self-esteem, in children.

Question 14

Peer groups during middle childhood, meaning ages six to 10, are often heterogeneous in regards to sex.

Question 15

Along with many other students in the United States, Silvio completed high school, participated in a high school graduation ceremony, and began his college education at 18 years old.Which of the following best describes Silvio's progression from high school to college at a similar timing to other students?

A)Normative transition
B)Maturation
C)Life event
D)Birth cohort

Question 16

Midterms and finals are examples of _____________reinforcement, while pop quizzes are an example of _____________reinforcement

A)Fixed ratio, variable interval
B)Fixed interval, variable interval
C)Fixed interval, variable ratio
D)Variable ratio, fixed ratio

Question 17

Tiana and her friend Jacob were discussing potty training their young children.Jacob had developed a reward system involving a chart and stickers for his daughter.Tiana, on the other hand, believed that it was best to wait until her daughter displayed the motor skills necessary for using the toilet, at which point she would need little guidance or bribing with stickers.Tiana's approach is most in line with which perspective on socialization?

A)The developmental perspective
B)The social learning perspective
C)The interpretive perspective
D)The impact of social structure

Question 18

Research shows that parenting practices and child outcomes are similar in heterosexual families and lesbian families.

Question 19

Lourdes asked her little sister Carmen what happened to all of her Halloween candy.Carmen smiled and said "I ated it!" Carmen's statement provides an example of _____________.

A)Grammaticization
B)Phonology
C)Lexicon
D)Internalization

Question 20

Lucas would like to reprimand his friend Dustin for lying to him.Lucas could do which of the following to make sure that his punishment is more effective?

A)Reprimand Dustin as he is lying
B)Provide a reason for the reprimand, such as friends tell each other the truth
C)Practice what he preaches by telling the truth himself
D)All of the above

Question 21

Sam came home from school upset.He got eight out of 10 correct on his spelling test, but his friends Jacob and Matt each got all 10 correct.Sam is worried that he's not as smart as his friends.Sam is engaging in social comparison.

Question 22

Michelle observes her uncle curse and then her father reprimand him.Michelle will be less likely to curse herself due to her father reprimanding her uncle.

Question 23

Compare and contrast Piaget's and Kohlberg's models of moral development, and discuss at least one limitation of these approaches.

Question 24

Language acquisition consists of three stages: phonology, lexicon, and grammar.

Question 25

In 2017, Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico, destroying homes, flooding streets, and cutting off electricity.The impact of an event on an individual's life can vary based on the magnitude of the event, the person's life stage, and the person's location in the social structure.Describe each of these dimensions.Relate these dimensions to Hurricane Maria's impact on people's lives in Puerto Rico; whose life might be impacted the most by this event?

Question 26

Compare and contrast two of the four perspectives on socialization, using children's ability to walk as the outcome to be explained.

Question 27

Instrumental conditioning is more effective when it is consistent.

Question 28

Because Sara believes she is a competent soccer player, and played on championship teams in high school, she does not get discouraged when she doesn't make the cut in college.Her self-efficacy supports her persistence.

Question 29

When Hector's son was a toddler, Hector would reward him for helping "fold" the laundry, even though all he did was make piles of like-colored socks.Now that he is older, Hector expects his son to fold and put away the laundry before he earns his allowance.This is an example of age-grading.

Question 30

Through music lessons, Eun-Hee learned the cultural routine for playing the tuba.From this cultural routine, she will develop skills and knowledge that help her develop her own musical style.

Question 31

Children exhibiting nonconforming behavior face pressure from peers to fit into the dominant gender binary.

Question 32

Of the reinforcement schedules, variable-ratio schedules typically produce the highest and most stable rates of response.

Question 33

Describe a time when a socializing agent (your parent, a teacher, a coach, etc.) used instrumental conditioning.What was the reinforcement? What was the reinforcement schedule? Then, discuss how effective the conditioning was, drawing on your knowledge of the factors that influence the effectiveness of instrumental conditioning.

Question 34

Research demonstrates that punishment is an effective tool in all situations.

Question 35

What gender do you identify as? How did each of the four socializing agents discussed influence your understanding of what it means to be your gender?