Deck 3: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
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Deck 3: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
1
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding.The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances.These cellular changes would be referred to as:
A) Dysplasia
B) Pathologic dysplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Pathologic hyperplasia
A) Dysplasia
B) Pathologic dysplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Pathologic hyperplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia
2
The early dilation (swelling)of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in:
A) Increased aerobic metabolism
B) Failure of DNA
C) Reduced protein synthesis
D) Decreased Na+-K+ pump function
A) Increased aerobic metabolism
B) Failure of DNA
C) Reduced protein synthesis
D) Decreased Na+-K+ pump function
Reduced protein synthesis
3
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
A) Decreased ATP production
B) Karyorrhexis
C) Ribosome detachment
D) Dehydration
A) Decreased ATP production
B) Karyorrhexis
C) Ribosome detachment
D) Dehydration
Decreased ATP production
4
When planning care for a cardiac patient,the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload,cardiac myocardial cells will:
A) Increase in size
B) Decrease in length
C) Increase in excitability
D) Increase in number
A) Increase in size
B) Decrease in length
C) Increase in excitability
D) Increase in number
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5
A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident.CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain.Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?
A) Subdural hematoma
B) Epidural hematoma
C) Contusion
D) Abrasion
A) Subdural hematoma
B) Epidural hematoma
C) Contusion
D) Abrasion
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6
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion.The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:
A) Malnutrition
B) Free radicals
C) Ischemia
D) Chemical toxicity
A) Malnutrition
B) Free radicals
C) Ischemia
D) Chemical toxicity
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7
A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer than it is deep.Which type of wound will the nurse be caring for?
A) Stab wound
B) Incised wound
C) Puncture wound
D) Chopping wound
A) Stab wound
B) Incised wound
C) Puncture wound
D) Chopping wound
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8
A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet.Which of the following aided in development of swelling?
A) Increased ATP
B) Chloride movement out of the cell
C) Na+ movement into the cell
D) Decreased oncotic pressure
A) Increased ATP
B) Chloride movement out of the cell
C) Na+ movement into the cell
D) Decreased oncotic pressure
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9
A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular:
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Magnesium
D) Calcium
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Magnesium
D) Calcium
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10
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles.What term would the nurse use to define this process?
A) Adaptation
B) Pathologic calcification
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
A) Adaptation
B) Pathologic calcification
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
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11
When planning care for the pregnant patient,the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:
A) Compensatory hyperplasia
B) Hormonal hyperplasia
C) Hormonal anaplasia
D) Compensatory anaplasia
A) Compensatory hyperplasia
B) Hormonal hyperplasia
C) Hormonal anaplasia
D) Compensatory anaplasia
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12
A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault.She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising.X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage.Which of the following most likely caused her injuries?
A) Chemical asphyxiation
B) Choking asphyxiation
C) Ligature strangulation
D) Manual strangulation
A) Chemical asphyxiation
B) Choking asphyxiation
C) Ligature strangulation
D) Manual strangulation
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13
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred.A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:
A) Number
B) Size
C) Vacuoles
D) Lipofuscin
A) Number
B) Size
C) Vacuoles
D) Lipofuscin
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14
A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia.Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart,reperfusion injury occurred as a result of:
A) Free radical formation
B) Vacuolation
C) Increased metabolic state
D) Lipid acceptor proteins
A) Free radical formation
B) Vacuolation
C) Increased metabolic state
D) Lipid acceptor proteins
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15
A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C.If the cancerous region of the liver were removed,the remaining cells would undergo:
A) Pathologic hyperplasia
B) Pathologic metaplasia
C) Compensatory hyperplasia
D) Compensatory aplasia
A) Pathologic hyperplasia
B) Pathologic metaplasia
C) Compensatory hyperplasia
D) Compensatory aplasia
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16
A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache,nausea,weakness,and vomiting.Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms?
A) Lead exposure
B) Carbon monoxide poisoning
C) Ethanol exposure
D) Mercury poisoning
A) Lead exposure
B) Carbon monoxide poisoning
C) Ethanol exposure
D) Mercury poisoning
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17
A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear.Which of the following cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report?
A) Metaplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Hypertrophy
D) Dysplasia
A) Metaplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Hypertrophy
D) Dysplasia
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18
A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance.Examination of his airway (bronchial)reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells.This type of cellular adaptation is called:
A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
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19
During childhood,the thymus decreases in size,and this is referred to as _____ atrophy.
A) Physiologic
B) Pathologic
C) Disuse
D) Neurogenic
A) Physiologic
B) Pathologic
C) Disuse
D) Neurogenic
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20
A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head.The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments.This wound would be documented as a(n)_____ wound.
A) Exit
B) Intermediate range entrance
C) Contact range entrance
D) Indeterminate range entrance
A) Exit
B) Intermediate range entrance
C) Contact range entrance
D) Indeterminate range entrance
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21
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death,the nurse should document this finding as _____ present.
A) Livor mortis
B) Gangrene
C) Algor mortis
D) Rigor mortis
A) Livor mortis
B) Gangrene
C) Algor mortis
D) Rigor mortis
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22
A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later.Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes.Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?
A) Fat necrosis
B) Wet gangrene
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Gas gangrene
A) Fat necrosis
B) Wet gangrene
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Gas gangrene
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23
A 2-year-old swallowed watch batteries.Following ingestion,kidney function was impaired,and the heart began to fail.Which of the following was the most likely cause?
A) Karyorrhexis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Ammonia accumulation
D) Caseous necrosis
A) Karyorrhexis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Ammonia accumulation
D) Caseous necrosis
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24
When the nurse is checking the urinalysis,the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of:
A) Slight glucose
B) Excessive protein
C) Blood
D) Urea
A) Slight glucose
B) Excessive protein
C) Blood
D) Urea
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25
A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight.When the aide asks the nurse why this occurred,the nurse's best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of:
A) Transferrin
B) Bilirubin
C) Albumin
D) Hemosiderin
A) Transferrin
B) Bilirubin
C) Albumin
D) Hemosiderin
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26
What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases?
A) It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
B) It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
C) Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.
D) Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span.
A) It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
B) It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
C) Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.
D) Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span.
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27
A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatitis C.Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to:
A) Fat necrosis
B) Physiologic apoptosis
C) Pathologic apoptosis
D) Pyknosis
A) Fat necrosis
B) Physiologic apoptosis
C) Pathologic apoptosis
D) Pyknosis
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28
An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging,making her vulnerable to falls,functional decline,disease,and death.The nurse knows this patient is experiencing:
A) Frailty
B) Sarcopenia
C) Somatic death
D) Cellular aging
A) Frailty
B) Sarcopenia
C) Somatic death
D) Cellular aging
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29
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because:
A) Debris is not digested by hydrolases
B) Of protein denaturation
C) It is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids
D) Ischemia results in chemical injury
A) Debris is not digested by hydrolases
B) Of protein denaturation
C) It is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids
D) Ischemia results in chemical injury
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30
A patient has been reading on the Internet that light to moderate intake of alcohol is cardioprotective.When the patient asks the nurse what this means,the nurse should respond that the heart is protected by which of the following mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)
A) Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
B) Prevention of clot formation
C) Reduction in platelet aggregation
D) Increasing fibrinolysis
E) Increased collateral circulation
F) Vasodilation
A) Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
B) Prevention of clot formation
C) Reduction in platelet aggregation
D) Increasing fibrinolysis
E) Increased collateral circulation
F) Vasodilation
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31
A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma.Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies,and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction.Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient's body?
A) Glycogen
B) Protein
C) Pigment
D) Melanin
A) Glycogen
B) Protein
C) Pigment
D) Melanin
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32
Confirmation of somatic death is based on:
A) Presence of algor mortis
B) Presence of livor mortis
C) Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
D) Change in skin color to pale yellow
A) Presence of algor mortis
B) Presence of livor mortis
C) Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
D) Change in skin color to pale yellow
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33
After ingestion of lead,what organ systems should the nurse monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead? (Select all that apply.)
A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Kidneys
E) Brain
F) Hematopoietic
A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Kidneys
E) Brain
F) Hematopoietic
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34
A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate.On examination,tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese).Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Autonecrosis
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Autonecrosis
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35
A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin,eye,and hair appearance.Which finding will support this diagnosis?
A) Increased melanin
B) Increased hemoproteins
C) Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
D) Inability to convert bile to bilirubin
A) Increased melanin
B) Increased hemoproteins
C) Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
D) Inability to convert bile to bilirubin
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36
While reading a textbook,the student reads the term,"apoptosis." The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:
A) Atrophy
B) Die
C) Regenerate
D) Age
A) Atrophy
B) Die
C) Regenerate
D) Age
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