Deck 10: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus

Question 1

The kind of generalization discussed in your text is .

A)response generalization
B)stimulus generalization
C)reciprocal generalization
D)discriminated generalization

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In their study, Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved.The result was that the students .

A)solved the second set of problems more easily than expected
B)solved the second set of problems, but more slowly than expected
C)failed to solve the problems in the second set
D)decided to unionize

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When Little Joey, now six months old, cries, Martha can tell what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is an example of .

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)semantic generalization
D)errorless discrimination training

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes.Each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape; if it selects the other object, it receives nothing.Judy is engaged in .

A)transposition training
B)a peak shift experiment
C)concept training
D)generalization training

Question 5

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt.Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative.Of the following professions, will probably receive the lowest rating.

A)mathematician
B)accountant
C)biologist
D)social worker

Question 6

Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures.He found that birds .

A)refused to peck at a high rate
B)pecked open areas free of human figures
C)pecked the human figures
D)pecked the pictures at random points

Question 7

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer.After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes.You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is . +

A)identical to the CS +
B)slightly softer than the CS +
C)slightly louder than the CS -
D)slightly louder than the CS

Question 8

You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses.Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures.You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved.You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing .

A)fruit
B)animals
C)landscapes
D)houses

Question 9

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year cigarette smoking is reinforced .

A)730 times
B)7,300 times
C)73,000 times
D)nearly a million times

Question 10

Steven, a drug abuser, is released from a clinic.He is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again.He returns to his old neighborhood.You predict that within six months, Steven will .

A)have moved to a new neighborhood
B)have new friends and be free of drugs
C)be abusing drugs again
D)have committed suicide

Question 11

Providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training.This finding is called the .

A)differential outcomes effect
B)differential reinforcement effect
C)discriminated avoidance effect
D)stimulus control effect

Question 12

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks.This illustrates .

A)discrimination
B)generalization
C)motivational transfer
D)a motivational paradox

Question 13

The hypothetical finding in item 10 is called .

A)discriminant function
B)abstract transfer
C)transportation
D)semantic generalization

Question 14

In errorless discrimination training, .

A)training continues until the animal or person makes no errors
B)subjects look on as well-trained models perform the response to be learned
C)generalization soon reappears -
D)the S is introduced in very weak form

Question 15

Harriet gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth.If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing.When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Harriet gives the animal a choice between the rough block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first.You predict that the monkey will .

A)pick the new, very rough block
B)pick the old, somewhat rough block
C)pick neither block
D)show signs of developing an experimental neurosis

Question 16

According to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of .

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)cognitive processing
D)peak shift

Question 17

Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from .

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)transposition
D)semantic generalization

Question 18

Frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization.Frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by .

A)Pavlov
B)Spence
C)Lashley and Wade
D)Herrnstein

Question 19

The finding of Eisenberger and others concerning effort (see item 8) is called .

A)learned helplessness
B)motivational transfer
C)learned industriousness
D)increased potentiation

Question 20

Frederica believes that generalization occurs because of a lack of experience with stimuli that differ from +
The S
)Frederica is probably most comfortable with the theory of generalization and discrimination
Proposed by .

A)Pavlov
B)Spence
C)Lashley and Wade
D)Herrnstein

Question 21

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.

Question 22

In discrimination training, the S and S
Are presented at the same time.

A)synchronized
B)randomized
C)simultaneous
D)identical

Question 23

In , the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.

A)matching to sample
B)stimulus selection
C)mismatching
D)discriminating

Question 24

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S behavior is .

A)under stimulus control
B)fully discriminated
C)respondent
D)fully operant +
But not in the presence of an S , we can say the

Question 25

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people.The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

Question 26

In , the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard.

A)matching to nonsample
B)oddity matching
C)error matching
D)difference matching + -

Question 27

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck disks of various colors.After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disk of a particular color.This .

A)reduced pecking on that disk, but not disks of other colors
B)reduced pecking on that and other disks
C)had no effect on the rate of pecking
D)reduced pecking on that disk, but increased pecking on other disks

Question 28

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and
Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

Question 29

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but not the effects of extinction and punishment.

Question 30

Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

Question 31

During World War II, thousands of American citizens of Japanese descent were imprisoned in this country though their only "crime" was that they resembled the enemy.

Question 32

Generalization implies that those who must speak to a large crowd in a hot auditorium should practice before a few friends in a small, air conditioned room.

Question 33

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved.They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented .

A)orally
B)by a different teacher
C)the next day
D)in a different room

Question 34

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disk of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck .

A)disks of various colors
B)disks of various shapes
C)disks of various sizes
D)objects other than disks

Question 35

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

Question 36

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is .

A)Carl Cheney
B)Susan Friedman
C)Herbert Terrace
D)Robert Eisenberger + -

Question 37

When generalization is based on abstract rather than physical features, it is called generalization.

A)abstract
B)meaningful
C)semantic
D)cognitive

Question 38

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

Question 39

Jennifer O'Donnell suggests that a stimulus that indicates a behavior will be punished should be designated by .

A)D S
B)Dp S
C)p S
D)S p

Question 40

Pigeons that have learned to peck a disk when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.

Question 41

How could a speech teacher encourage oratorical skills to generalize outside of the classroom?

Question 42

Discuss the DOE and its implications for discrimination training.

Question 43

Discuss whether stimulus control is a good thing.

Question 44

Explain why a person who is red-green colorblind (that is, red and green objects look gray) is at a disadvantage compared to his or her peers.

Question 45

Sometimes generalization is based on the meaning of a stimulus.This is called
.

Question 46

Describe the role that semantic generalization may play in prejudices.