Deck 11: Late Adulthood

Question 1

__________ is the number of years that a person born in a specific year is projected to live.

A) Life span
B) The life cycle
C) The life era
D) Life expectancy

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The average human life expectancy in the United States is approximately:

A) 90 years.
B) 85 years.
C) 78 years.
D) 67 years.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Elderly persons sometimes behave in a less competent manner than they are capable of because:

A) they have experienced physiological change.
B) they fear injury.
C) they are often treated in a condescending way.
D) they prefer to keep their abilities private.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When Adrian "baby talks" to her elderly grandmother, she is illustrating:

A) projection.
B) transference.
C) ageism.
D) parentese.

Question 5

The mammal that lives the longest among these is:

A) the elephant.
B) the horse.
C) the hippopotamus.
D) the human.

Question 6

Which country presented in the text has the longest life expectancy?

A) Sweden
B) The United States
C) Japan
D) Mexico

Question 7

__________ is the filed of science that deals with issues, problems, and diseases specific to older adults.

A) Gerontology
B) Anthropology
C) Psychology
D) Developmentalism

Question 8

Alberto, age 81, finds that young people often respond to his comments in a patronizing or condescending manner. This type of prejudice is known as:

A) reverse discrimination.
B) ageism.
C) role reversal.
D) immaturity.

Question 9

Jean and Joan are discussing their thoughts about longevity, both theirs and their husbands. Statistically, Jean and Joan can expect to:

A) outlive their husband by approximately twenty years.
B) outlive their husbands by approximately twelve years.
C) outlive their husbands by approximately five years.
D) precede their husbands in death by approximately two years.

Question 10

Where is the United States ranked in terms of life expectancy?

A) 3rd
B) 10th
C) 38th
D) 50th

Question 11

Of the following individuals in America, who has the longest life expectancy?

A) Tim, an African American male who jogs regularly and doesn't smoke
B) Erin, a non-Latino White woman who is of good health
C) Jonathan, a non-Latino White man who is slightly overweight but walks to work
D) all of these

Question 12

The average human lifespan around the globe is:

A) 85 years.
B) 80 years.
C) 70 years.
D) 65 years.

Question 13

In general, American women live approximately __________ as compared to American men.

A) five years longer
B) twelve years longer
C) four years fewer
D) six years fewer

Question 14

__________ is stereotyping or unfair treatment of individuals or groups because of their age.

A) Prejudice
B) Discrimination
C) Ageism
D) Gerontology

Question 15

In the United States, women tend to outlive men by about __________ years.

A) five
B) six
C) ten
D) three

Question 16

Of the following, who has the longest life expectancy?

A) Tai, who lives in Beijing, China
B) Felete, who lives in Naples, Italy
C) Lucas, who lives in Malmo, Sweden
D) Adam, who lives in Bangor, Maine

Question 17

Dr. Walker works with individuals in late adulthood in order to understand cognitive abilities and perhaps prevent some of the memory problems associated with aging. Most likely, Dr. Walker is trained in the field of:

A) gerontology.
B) anthropology.
C) androgyny.
D) developmental psychology.

Question 18

Of the following individuals, who has the shortest life expectancy?

A) Takao, who lives in Osaka, Japan
B) Miguel, who lives in Guadalajara, Mexico
C) No'am, who lives in Tel Aviv, Israel
D) Napolean, who lives in Boise, Idaho

Question 19

__________ is the prejudice that the elderly are inferior to those who are younger.

A) Stereotyping
B) Pandering
C) Condescension
D) Ageism

Question 20

__________ specifically studies the aging process and related issues in late adulthood.

A) Developmental psychology
B) Anthropology
C) Gerontology
D) Androgogy

Question 21

What are antigens?

A) Substances in the blood that fight to kill foreign bodies
B) Substances in the blood that attack the body's tissues to stop inflammation
C) Substances in the blood that trigger the production of antibodies.
D) Substances in the blood that protect tissues from self-destruction

Question 22

What are antibodies?

A) Connective tissues in the body
B) Substances in the blood that fight to kill foreign bodies
C) Mutations that cause the formation of altered DNA
D) Foreign invaders that stimulate a response from the immune system

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized origin for the overactive immune response that can result in tissue destruction and aging as described in the text?

A) Production of a new type of antigens
B) Invasion by viruses
C) Mutations that result in altered RNA or DNA
D) Inappropriate immune response to tissues that have been "hidden" until later in life

Question 24

__________ is the major connective tissue in the body providing the elasticity in our skin and blood vessels.

A) Collagen
B) Cartilage
C) Fibrin
D) Fascia

Question 25

__________ theory proposes we age, because the proteins in our bodies become less effective due to the formation of abnormal connections.

A) Autoimmunity
B) Wear and tear
C) Homeostatic imbalance
D) Cross-linkage

Question 26

Collagen provides elasticity in our skin. As we grow older, our skin wrinkles because the proteins of collagen are altered. The approach to aging that addresses these changes is the:

A) wear and tear theory.
B) counterpart theory.
C) gene theory.
D) cross-linkage theory

Question 27

__________ theory states that when connections are formed between peptides, the proteins are altered, often for the worse.

A) Homeostatic imbalance
B) Wear and tear
C) Cross-linkage
D) Autoimmunity

Question 28

__________ is the theory that aging is due to a failure in the systems that regulate the proper interactions of the organs.

A) Wear and tear
B) Cross-linkage
C) Homeostatic imbalance
D) Adapatation syndrome

Question 29

__________ theory states that we age, because aging is programmed into us.

A) Aging by program
B) Wear and tear
C) Counterpart
D) Autoimmunity

Question 30

__________ is the theory of aging that argues all animals die when their "schedule" dictates.

A) Wear and tear theory
B) Homeostatic imbalance
C) Genetic theory
D) Aging by program

Question 31

The key factor that results in the aging process, as explained by the theory of homeostatic imbalance, is that the elderly are not as able to handle __________ as are younger individuals.

A) stress
B) a rich diet
C) low levels of adrenaline
D) long periods without a great deal of stimulation

Question 32

When Kevin looks in the mirror, he sees a different face than he did in his younger days, when he was galloping horses across the "big screen" and thrilling the girls. The lines and wrinkles on Kevin's face are due to a process explained by the __________ theory of aging.

A) cross-linkage
B) homeostatic imbalance
C) autoimmunity
D) wear and tear

Question 33

___________ is the process by which the immune system rejects the body's own tissue.

A) Homeostatic imbalance
B) Autoimmunity
C) Cross-linkage
D) Wear and tear

Question 34

__________ is the theory that aging is due to a breakdown in the physical process that allow the organs to adjust to changes in the environment.

A) Wear and tear theory
B) Homeostatic imbalance
C) Aging by program
D) Autoimmunity

Question 35

What is the function of collagen in the body?

A) It is the major connective tissue.
B) It provides the area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
C) It is important for lining the major joints of the bones.
D) It makes up the scaffolding inside most cells.

Question 36

__________ is occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own tissue resulting in aging and eventual death.

A) Autoimmunity
B) Accumulation of metabolic waste
C) Homeostatic imbalance
D) Cross-linkage

Question 37

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the body's immune system rejects its own tissue. This is an example of what physiological theory of aging?

A) Autoimmunity
B) Accumulation of errors
C) Accumulation of metabolic waste
D) Homeostatic imbalance

Question 38

An argument for the extended life span of humans over other mammals is based on:

A) the increased capacity for problem solving in humans.
B) the reduced stress on our bodies due to humans' omnivorous diet.
C) fewer number of offspring produced, so less drain on physical resources.
D) the superior immune system humans have.

Question 39

What theory of aging is linked to evolutionary processes?

A) Wear and tear
B) Aging by program
C) Homeostatic imbalance
D) Accumulation of errors

Question 40

Of the following individuals, who is most likely to show signs of aging, as predicted by the homeostatic imbalance theory?

A) Laura, who is 62 and just lost her husband to cancer
B) Amber, who is 43 and just suffered the loss of her parents in a car accident
C) Iseul, who is 65, just retired and is planning a cruise with her husband
D) Rachel, who is 18, graduated from high school and is moving to attend college

Question 41

What influences the reaction time of the elderly?

A) motivation
B) response style
C) anxiety
D) all of these

Question 42

Twin studies offer evidence of the __________ theory of aging.

A) genetic
B) environmental
C) physiological
D) human ability

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in the apparent decline in physical skills performed by the elderly over time?

A) Condescension on the part of the examiner
B) Anxiety about performance
C) Neural degradation
D) Motivation of the participant

Question 44

Which of the following is not an explanation for the longevity of some individuals, allowing them to live a century or more?

A) greater resistance to cancer
B) greater resistance to heart disease
C) better health in general
D) fewer incidences of strokes or aneurysms

Question 45

Which of the following statements supports the genetic theory of aging?

A) Monozygotic twins have more similar lengths of life than do dizygotic twins.
B) The Human Genome Project has identified the suite of genes that contributes to early death as well as long life.
C) Genes, which direct many cellular activities during the early years of life, stop functioning in later life.
D) Genes are responsible for functional declines associated with aging.

Question 46

__________ is the period between the presence of a stimulus and the actual muscle activity that indicates a response to it.

A) The answer interval
B) Reaction time
C) Completion time
D) Stimulus response

Question 47

__________ refers to the influence of personal beliefs on performance.

A) Social stereotyping
B) Ageism
C) The Pygmalion Effect
D) The self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 48

When playing cards, Tom noticed that he can do pretty well for himself unless he has an audience. Then, it becomes more difficult for him to get the right cards out of his hand in a timely manner. Which of the following is NOT an explanation for Tom's difficulty?

A) neural degradation
B) anxiety about performance
C) condescension on the part of the other players
D) self-expectation that he won't do well

Question 49

Social networks directly affect a person's:

A) environment.
B) ease of knowledge.
C) life expectancy.
D) quality of life.

Question 50

At 101 years of age, Jamie still makes her own bread and lives in the house she and her husband built. Reasons for Jamie's long life include which of the following?

A) more resistance to cancer
B) more resistance to heart disease
C) fewer incidences of general circulatory problems
D) all of these

Question 51

Ivan celebrated his 112^th birthday with a cigar and glass of vodka. Technically, Ivan is a(n):

A) centenarian.
B) octogenarian.
C) septuagenarian.
D) member of late late adulthood.

Question 52

__________ theory proposes that changes in the regulatory pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes become damaged and less functional over the years.

A) Autoimmunity
B) The microtubule breakage
C) The telomere shortening
D) The cytomere malfunction

Question 53

Studies of monozygotic twins showing that they have more similar lengths of life than do dizygotic twins are evidence of which aspect of aging?

A) Genetic
B) Environmental
C) Physiological
D) Human ability

Question 54

Juan and Jorge are monozygotic twins. They will tend to have similar lengths of life, according to Kallman and Jarvik (1959), because:

A) genes affect how long we live.
B) living conditions determine longevity.
C) diet and exercise can add years to one's life.
D) new proteins make new cells, and twins have similar cell types.

Question 55

Stress level, educational level, motivation, and personality type are examples of __________ in the aging process.

A) genetic factors
B) physiological factors
C) environmental factors
D) modifiers

Question 56

Tony is 63 years old and suffers from hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis. Which theory of aging explains Tony's combination of symptoms?

A) Wear and tear
B) Counterpart
C) Cross-linkage
D) Autoimmunity

Question 57

Of the following physical tasks, which is most likely to show a decline in older adults?

A) Playing a game like cribbage
B) Building a structure like a plant frame
C) Playing a musical instrument like a guitar
D) Dealing cards

Question 58

The telomere shortening theory of aging argues that:

A) DNA accumulates mutations over the years and so chromosomes become smaller and less effective.
B) regulatory DNA is damaged and breaks off, allowing chromosomes to duplicate less effectively
C) the wastes that build up in cells over the years degrades DNA.
D) the proteins made by DNA become shorter and smaller as we age and so don't work as well

Question 59

__________ are individuals who live to be 100 years or older.

A) Octogenarians
B) Septuagenarians
C) Centenarians
D) Late late adults

Question 60

What is a scientific way of separating the effects of the central nervous system from the ability of the rest of the body to perform manual tasks?

A) Reaction time
B) Completion time
C) Cognition time
D) Stimulus time

Question 61

Santos uses eye drops to treat an eye condition. These drops reduce the production of fluid in his eyes. Santos has:

A) glaucoma.
B) macular degeneration.
C) dry eye.
D) cataracts.

Question 62

__________ is condition that results in damage to the optic nerve from pressure caused by a buildup of fluid in the eye.

A) Glaucoma
B) Macular degeneration
C) Retinal detachment
D) Wet eye

Question 63

Ethel, age 59, was told by her doctor that she has a buildup of pressure in her eye due to excessive fluid. Ethel has:

A) cataracts.
B) hyperopia.
C) age-related macular degeneration.
D) glaucoma.

Question 64

Kim, age 74, has just been told by the doctor that she has cloudy formations on the lens of her eye. The doctor referred to these formations as:

A) age-related macular degeneration.
B) a detached retina.
C) glaucoma.
D) cataracts.

Question 65

Mary is 72. A common visual problem for her age group will be shown when Mary:

A) attempts to park a car or go up stairs.
B) drive on a highway during a cloudless afternoon.
C) walk on a surfaced track for exercise.
D) cooks with the use of bifocals.

Question 66

If Mike is like most 65 year olds, the most dramatic change he will notice in his vision will be when he:

A) watching football on his television.
B) attempts to detect objects in his peripheral vision.
C) driving at night.
D) walks his dog on a sunny afternoon.

Question 67

Two major changes that occur in vision as we age are:

A) changes in dark adaptation and depth perception.
B) problems with far vision and peripheral vision.
C) greater visual acuity at night but problems with brightness during the day.
D) better night vision but difficulty with seeing in three dimensions.

Question 68

Glaucoma can lead to blindness due to:

A) thickening and clouding of the lens.
B) blood vessels gradually covering all of the retinal surface.
C) thinning of the layers of the retina and rupturing of blood vessels.
D) increased pressure caused by fluid which may then damage the optic nerve.

Question 69

One of the preventable contributions to the sensory decline often found in older adults is:

A) appropriate diet.
B) overuse of some systems, like vision and balance.
C) lack of sensory stimulation.
D) exposure to antigens.

Question 70

__________ occur(s) when the lens becomes clouded and impairs vision.

A) Cataracts
B) Glaucoma
C) Age-related macular degeneration
D) Retinal pigmentosa

Question 71

Leon, age 66, was told by his ophthalmologist that his blurred vision and the dark spot in the center of his field of vision are caused by a disease of the retina called:

A) nearsightedness.
B) age-related macular degeneration.
C) glaucoma.
D) retinal detachment.

Question 72

__________ is an eye disease that affects the retina, impacting the center of a person's field of vision.

A) Cataracts
B) Retinal detachment
C) Glaucoma
D) Macular degeneration

Question 73

How does vision change during later adulthood?

A) The cornea becomes more elastic.
B) The lens becomes more transparent and thinner.
C) The eye responds less well to light.
D) The ability to focus on nearby objects improves.

Question 74

Shellie is 68 and has noticed that her vision is becoming occluded. Her ophthalmologist told Shellie that her lens was clouded and was impairing her vision. Shellie is suffering from:

A) age-related macular degeneration.
B) floaters.
C) glaucoma.
D) cataracts.

Question 75

Hannah is going for a physical to determine if she is physically capable of moving to an independent living facility. Hannah was very worried that she wouldn't do well on the tests and sure enough, she couldn't complete the tasks. Hannah has shown evidence of the:

A) effects of neural decline in older adults.
B) discrimination that accompanies ageism.
C) problems with reaction times as assessment of function.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 76

__________ is a thickening of the eyes' lenses, causing blurred, cloudy vision.

A) Macular degeneration.
B) Cataracts
C) Presbyopia
D) Astigmatism

Question 77

Cataracts are the result of:

A) the lens becoming less transparent, thicker, and less elastic.
B) changes in the retina.
C) cloudy formations in the lens of the eye.
D) degeneration of the optic nerve.

Question 78

__________ results in faded, distorted, and blurred central vision.

A) Floaters
B) Age-related macular degeneration
C) Glaucoma
D) Dry eye

Question 79

__________ result(s) from increased pressure caused by fluid within the eye and if left untreated will damage the optic nerve leading to blindness.

A) Cataracts
B) Myopia
C) Glaucoma
D) Age-related macular degeneration

Question 80

The sensory systems most obviously affected by aging are:

A) vision and balance.
B) vision and hearing.
C) hearing and smell.
D) hearing and balance.