Deck 3: Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

Question 1

Our genetic information is contained in DNA, which is carried by the __________, which in turn make up the __________.

A) chromosomes; genes
B) genes; chromosomes
C) ribosomes, genes
D) messenger RNA; chromosomes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In humans, it is the male who determines the sex of the child, because he donates:

A) the X chromosome.
B) the Y chromosome.
C) either the X or the Y chromosome.
D) the cytoplasmic organelles.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The __________ is all of the hereditary material needed to maintain a living organism.

A) genome
B) karyotype
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In mammals, a(an) __________ combination of chromosomes makes up a female.

A) XY
B) XXY
C) XX
D) YY

Question 5

If the genome is completely known for an organism:

A) it is not possible to recreate the organism, because factors beyond the gene influence development.
B) it is possible to recreate the organism, because the genes will determine what proteins will make up the organism.
C) it is possible to recreate the organism, if there is a surrogate mother available.
D) it is possible to recreate the organism, if there is a sufficient supply of DNA to be replicated.

Question 6

__________ are structures in the cell nucleus that contain DNA and proteins.

A) Genes
B) Chromosomes
C) Alleles
D) Autosomes

Question 7

Once the sperm and ovum unite, the resulting cell is initially called the:

A) blastocyst.
B) embryo.
C) granula.
D) zygote.

Question 8

Xing was born with black hair and beautiful dark eyes. These characteristics are known as Xing's:

A) phenotype.
B) gametotype.
C) genotype.
D) karyotype.

Question 9

When Seung heard about cloning, he was very excited. Now he wouldn't need a wife to have a child and the baby would look just like him! All he would need was the nucleus from his cells and a woman willing to serve as a surrogate. What should Seung know about development?

A) The child will look like him only if the nucleus contains a Y chromosome.
B) The child may not look like him, because there are many factors that influence a gene's function.
C) The child may not look like him, because the nucleus may contain an X chromosome.
D) Because the nucleus comes from a regular cell, it will have both an X and Y chromosome, so the child will be a boy that looks like Seung.

Question 10

Human cells contain _________ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 23
C) 24
D) 46

Question 11

The amount of DNA humans have in common with chimpanzees is approximately:

A) 1%.
B) 25%.
C) 50%.
D) 98 to 99%.

Question 12

Human sex cells contain __________ chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 23
C) 24
D) 46

Question 13

Genes are composed of:

A) specific segments of DNA.
B) lengths of chromosomes.
C) specific segments of RNA.
D) all of these

Question 14

The amount of DNA shared by human beings is approximately:

A) 1%.
B) 25%.
C) 50%.
D) 99%.

Question 15

Human cells contain __________ chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 23
C) 24
D) 46

Question 16

The __________ refers to a person's genetic makeup.

A) genotype
B) gametotype
C) phenotype
D) chromosome

Question 17

What is the significance of the double helix?

A) It is the shape of the chromosomes as they are divided by the centromeres.
B) It is the shape of the nucleus when genetic material goes through meiosis.
C) It is the bonding that occurs during the duplication process of mitosis.
D) It is the structure of DNA when a chromosome unwinds in order to be replicated.

Question 18

The __________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) chromosome
D) gametotype

Question 19

Aaban has both an X and Y chromosome, which makes the child a:

A) female.
B) male.
C) neither a male nor a female as sex is determined hormonally.
D) either a male or a female, depending on which chromosome is dominant.

Question 20

When an egg and sperm unite, fertilization is complete and a __________ has been formed.

A) blastocyst.
B) zygote.
C) embryo.
D) fetus.

Question 21

Justi looks a bit like both her maternal grandmother and grandfather as well as her mother and father. This mosaic of traits would be explained by the exchange of DNA that occurs during:

A) meiosis.
B) mitosis.
C) apoptosis.
D) mutations.

Question 22

During __________, each germ cell receives 23 chromosomes upon division.

A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) apoptosis
D) fertilization

Question 23

Rather than the normal XY chromosome combination, Tony was born with an XXY combination. What type of disorder does he have?

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 24

The process of cell division in which each chromosome is duplicated so that each cell receives a copy of each chromosome of the parent cell is:

A) meiosis.
B) mitosis.
C) heterozygous.
D) homozygous.

Question 25

An individual diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome would have an __________ chromosome combination.

A) XY
B) XO
C) XYY
D) XXY

Question 26

The appearance of Down syndrome is closely related to the:

A) number of previous children.
B) age of the mother.
C) use of alcohol during pregnancy.
D) use of fertility drugs.

Question 27

The presence of three copies of the 21^st chromosome results in:

A) Tay Sachs disease.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) Kleinfelter's syndrome.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 28

Shuffling of DNA during chromosomal replication occurs during:

A) the reduction phase of cell division.
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) apoptosis

Question 29

During __________ cell division, each daughter cell receives 46 chromosomes from the parent cell.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) meiotic
D) mitotic

Question 30

Hamilton was born with small hands, a large tongue, mental retardation, heart defects, and a curiously distinctive set of facial features. Hamilton most likely suffers from:

A) Tay-Sachs.
B) PKU.
C) Down syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 31

Which of the following statements concerning cell division is NOT true?

A) Sex cells divide through a process known as meiosis.
B) Mitotic cell division involves the passing on of 46 chromosomes.
C) Sex cells are also known as soma cells.
D) The process by which sex cells divide results in 23 chromosomes per cell.

Question 32

Down syndrome may result in all of the following except:

A) problems breaking down certain amino acids
B) heart defects
C) increased risk of leukemia
D) small hands

Question 33

Disorders of the sex chromosomes involve the __________ pair.

A) 13^th
B) 21^st
C) 23^rd
D) 46^th

Question 34

Down syndrome results from chromosomes:

A) sticking together during cross-over.
B) dividing too early in mitosis.
C) failing to separate during mitosis.
D) failing to separate during meiosis.

Question 35

Oliver and Sofie are both 25 years old and are planning their first child. Sofie is worried about Down syndrome. What could Oliver tell her that would reassure her?

A) Women her age have a chance of 1 in 30 of having a baby with Down syndrome.
B) Only the age of the father influences the incidence of Down syndrome, and Oliver is well within the "safe" range.
C) While the age of the mother might be a factor in conceiving a baby with Down syndrome, the chances are reduced by taking high levels of folic acid.
D) Women Sofie's age have a chance of 1 n 1,700 of having a baby with Down syndrome.

Question 36

A gene was duplicated during mitosis, an error occurred so that instead of ATGC, it now reads ATCG. This event is called:

A) crossing-over.
B) reduction division.
C) a mutation.
D) transcription.

Question 37

__________ is the cell division in which the number of chromosomes remains the same.

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Karyotyping
D) Cross-over

Question 38

Chromosomal disorders are:

A) deviations in the number of chromosomes an individual receives from the parents.
B) due to variations in alleles.
C) mutations.
D) related to co-dominant traits.

Question 39

One of the sources of variation that occurs during mitosis is:

A) crossing-over.
B) exchange of genes across chromosomes.
C) exchange of chromosomes across genes.
D) mutation.

Question 40

Sarah and Dick are both 45 years old and considering having a baby. Sarah is concerned about the risk of Down syndrome. She has a __________ chance of having a baby born with this disorder.

A) one in 30
B) one in 100
C) one in 300
D) one in 750

Question 41

The incidence of Fragile X in syndromes is half as often as occurs in males because:

A) females have two X chromosomes.
B) testosterone contributes to the disorder.
C) estrogen is a protective factor.
D) more male fetuses are conceived than females.

Question 42

An important conclusion made possible from the Human Genome Project is:

A) genes code for particular, identifiable traits.
B) transcription of one gene may result in several different proteins.
C) a blueprint of what it means to be "human" has been established.
D) all the information necessary to code for a human has been catalogued.

Question 43

A disorder of the sex chromosomes that involves the condition rather than the number of the chromosomes is:

A) Turner syndrome.
B) Fragile X syndrome.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) CAH.

Question 44

The incidence of Klinefelter's syndrome is estimated at:

A) 1 in 5000.
B) 1 in 2500.
C) 1 in 600.
D) 1 in 30.

Question 45

The incidence of Turner's syndrome is:

A) 1 in 2500.
B) the same as Fragile X syndrome for women.
C) the same as Down syndrome for men.
D) 1 in 5000.

Question 46

Which chromosomal disorder is related to the sex chromosomes?

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Phenylketonuria

Question 47

Which of the following would NOT be considered a potential legal or ethical issue related to the Human Genome Project?

A) The continued mapping of gene sequences
B) The use of genetic information by insurers
C) The privacy of genetic information
D) The property rights and accessibility of genetic data

Question 48

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities occurs in females only?

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 49

The incidence of Fragile X syndrome in females is:

A) 1 in 5000.
B) 1 in 2500.
C) 1 in 1700.
D) 1 in 600.

Question 50

__________ disorders involve lengths of DNA along a chromosome.

A) Protein
B) Phenotypic
C) Gamete
D) Genetic

Question 51

Amber has been told that she has Turner's syndrome. This means her chromosomes are:

A) XXX.
B) XXY.
C) XYY.
D) XO.

Question 52

The incidence of Fragile X syndrome in males is:

A) 1 in 5000.
B) 1 in 2500.
C) 1 in 1700.
D) 1 in 600.

Question 53

Maria is short in stature, has a webbed neck, and is sterile. Her doctor explained that she has a chromosomal abnormality called __________ syndrome, which involves an __________ chromosomal pattern.

A) Down; XX
B) Turner; XO
C) Klinefelter; XYY
D) fragile X; XY

Question 54

Nathan has a terrible temper and was known as the class bully. This role was easier for him as he was very tall. If these characteristics were the result of a sex disorder, it is likely that Nathan has _________ chromosomes.

A) XXY
B) XXO
C) XYY
D) YO

Question 55

The Human Genome Project has been specifically dedicated to:

A) identifying and mapping the genes that constitute our genetic makeup.
B) altering genes that cause genetic defects.
C) developing drug therapies to treat genetic abnormalities.
D) understanding the developmental process in humans.

Question 56

A disorder that results from a trisomy of the sex chromosomes and causes infertility, diminished cognitive capacity and small external genitalia is:

A) Klinefelter syndrome.
B) Down syndrome.
C) Fragile X syndrome.
D) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Question 57

Of the following, which has the least probability of occurring?

A) A baby born with an XXY combination
B) A female baby born with an XYY combination
C) A male baby born with Fragile X syndrome
D) A baby born with an XO combination

Question 58

Abdul is a man who has little body hair, small testicles, and problems when he tries to talk. A recent visit to a physician confirmed that he is infertile. It is likely that Abdul has:

A) Klinefelter syndrome.
B) Down syndrome.
C) Turner syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome.

Question 59

Which of the following regarding genes is TRUE?

A) Genes are not allowed to be patented.
B) About 20 percent of the human genome is patented.
C) All of the human genome is patented.
D) We do not yet know enough about the human genome in order to patent it.

Question 60

A potential treatment for Klinefelter's syndrome is:

A) a special diet.
B) injections of estrogen.
C) blood transfusions.
D) injections of testosterone.

Question 61

The human genome contains approximately:

A) 100,000 genes.
B) 1,000,000 genes.
C) 25,000 genes.
D) the same number as rice.

Question 62

The most deadly of the genetic diseases in terms of mortality rate is:

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) spina bifida.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) hemophilia.

Question 63

Naomi was born healthy and normal, but by six months of age she began to show mental and motor deterioration. By three years of age, she was blind and near death due to an accumulation of fat and destruction of nerve cells. Tragically, no medical intervention appeared to help her. Naomi is suffering from:

A) Down syndrome.
B) sickle-cell anemia.
C) PKU.
D) Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 64

__________ is a genetic disorder that results in the development of abnormal hemoglobin.

A) Tay Sachs disease
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) PKU
D) Cystic fibrosis

Question 65

The incidence of the gene for Tay Sachs disease being carried by a Jew of Eastern European origin is:

A) 1 in 1500.
B) 1 in 600.
C) 1 in 30.
D) 1 in 5.

Question 66

In the United States, the most severe genetic disease of childhood based on the number of people affected and fatality is:

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) cystic fibrosis
D) phenylketonuria

Question 67

Which of the following genetic disorders involves breathing and digestive difficulties related to abnormal mucosal excretions?

A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) Phenylketonuria
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 68

In the African American population of the United States, it is estimated that 1 in __________ people have sickle-cell anemia.

A) 5000
B) 1500
C) 100
D) 30

Question 69

Symptoms of __________ include oxygen starvation and severe pain.

A) sickle-cell anemia
B) Tay Sachs disease
C) phenylketonuria
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 70

__________ causes a malfunction of the exocrine glands.

A) Cystis fibrosis
B) Tay Sachs disease
C) CAH
D) Hemophilia

Question 71

An important conclusion about development emphasized by the interpretation of the Genome Project is

A) that identification of genes allows for exact predictions regarding phenotypes.
B) that the outcome of genetic action is dependent upon its interaction with environmental experiences.
C) that no predictions may be made, despite a greater understanding of genetic effects.
D) how important DNA is in determining our physical destinies.

Question 72

Individuals of Eastern European Jewish descent are hit hardest by a genetic disorder called __________, which generally causes death by the age of four or five.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) cystic fibrosis
D) phenylketonuria

Question 73

Estimates are that 10 percent of the African American population in the United States carries the trait for the genetic disorder known as:

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) phenylketonuria.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 74

About 1 in __________ children in the United States have cystic fibrosis.

A) 5000
B) 3000
C) 2000
D) 30

Question 75

Which of the following is a genetic disorder?

A) Tay Sachs disease
B) Down syndrome
C) Turner syndrome
D) Fragile X disorder

Question 76

What disease results from a gene failing to produce an enzyme that breaks down fatty materials in the brain and nervous system?

A) Hemophilia
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Spina bifida

Question 77

Chloe has a genetic disorder that makes it very difficult for her to breathe. Digesting her food is also difficult due to the mucus in her intestines. Chloe has:

A) PKU.
B) Tay Sachs disease.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 78

Shana has a genetic disorder that requires frequent transfusions because her red blood cells tend to clump in the capillaries, causing oxygen starvation and intense pain. Shana is suffering from:

A) hemophilia.
B) pernicious anemia.
C) Tay-Sachs disorder.
D) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 79

Ruth and Jacob feel fortunate that they were able to find each other, as they have so much in common. They are both Jewish and of Middle Eastern descent. However, what concern might they have about their potential children?

A) The occurrence of Tay-Sachs disease
B) The likelihood of incompatible blood types
C) Miscarriage due to the Rh factor
D) The probability of Down syndrome

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a major ethical and legal issue involved in gene mapping and identification?

A) Stigma that might be attached because of a person's genetic makeup
B) The privacy rights of the individual regarding genetic information
C) The role that genetic information plays in reproductive rights
D) all of these