Deck 6: Early Childhood

Question 1

During the early childhood years, brain growth is largely characterized by:

A) structural changes.
B) changes on a functional level.
C) changes on a neurochemical level.
D) changes on a neuronal level.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Ji's brain is changing daily in weight and volume. What processes are contributing to these changes?

A) increased myelination
B) a growth in the number of connections between neurons
C) fatty layer of cells on nerve ells
D) a loss in the number of connections between neurons

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In early childhood, children tend to:

A) get heavier as their body fat increases.
B) stay about the same weight even though their body fat increases because their trunk lengthens.
C) become thinner as their body fat remains stable but their trunk length lengthens.
D) slim down as their trunk lengthens and their body fat declines.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

About a year ago, Aubrey was 6 inches shorter and 15 pounds lighter. Aubrey:

A) is short for her age and has gained more weight than she should.
B) is average for her growth rate.
C) is short for her age but weighs an appropriate amount.
D) is average for height but has not gained sufficient weight.

Question 5

Five-year-old Jack's frontal lobe has been growing dramatically. This means that Jack will:

A) have better perceptual capacities.
B) be more coordinated in balance and running.
C) be better at planning and organization.
D) understand more vocabulary when he hears the words.

Question 6

__________ characterized early childhood as the "magical" years.

A) Fraiberg
B) Thomas
C) Piaget
D) Fantz

Question 7

One milestone of early childhood that tends to delight children and parents is:

A) the loss of "baby" teeth.
B) the increase in height.
C) the increase in weight.
D) the greater sense of independence shown by two-year-olds.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding brain development?

A) The number of connections in the brain increases from birth to age 10.
B) The number of connections in the brain decreases from birth to age 10.
C) The number of connections in the brain remains stable from birth to age 10.
D) all of these

Question 9

During early childhood, healthy children grow about __________ a year.

A) 4 inches
B) 6 inches
C) 12 inches
D) 24 inches

Question 10

Isaiah has grown nearly a foot and gained about 5 pounds since his last birthday. Isaiah:

A) is exceeding norms for his age group.
B) is average in his growth rate.
C) needs to be evaluated as he is showing signs of dwarfism.
D) is average for height but is not gaining sufficient weight.

Question 11

During early childhood:

A) girls and boys grow at about the same rate.
B) girls grow faster than boys.
C) boys grow faster than girls.
D) growth in both boys and girls is not predictable.

Question 12

__________ is the process by which the speed of information traveling through nervous systems increases due to a fatty layer of cells on nerve cells in the brain.

A) Pruning
B) Synaptogenesis
C) Methylization
D) Myelination

Question 13

. Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in early childhood?

A) Boys are heavier than girls because boys are shorter with more fatty tissue.
B) Girls are heavier than boys because girls are taller and have more muscle tissue.
C) Girls are shorter than boys but are heavier because they have more muscle tissue.
D) While girls are shorter than boys and have more fatty tissue, girls still tend to weigh less than boys.

Question 14

Growth in the __________ is particularly evident in early childhood.

A) occipital lobe
B) prefrontal cortex
C) limbic system
D) brain stem

Question 15

Children aged two to six years are in Piaget's:

A) sensorimotor period.
B) concrete operations.
C) preoperational period.
D) postoperational period.

Question 16

The part of the brain that shows the most dramatic growth in early childhood is the:

A) frontal lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) limbic system.
D) brain stem.

Question 17

"I can do it myself!" is a statement typical of children:

A) between the age of 18 months to two years.
B) from two to six years.
C) from six to eight years.
D) after the age of twelve.

Question 18

Yanis is concerned that his two-year-old daughter is becoming willful. When he tries to help her, she insists she can do it by herself. What should you tell Yanis?

A) "Your daughter is exhibiting normal behavior by trying to be competent in her world."
B) "Your daughter has entered the 'terrible twos' and needs firm guidance."
C) "Your difficulty is due to her insecure attachment."
D) "While she seems like a difficult child now, she will likely outgrow it."

Question 19

A consequence of increased myelination in the brain is:

A) faster communication between nerve cells.
B) increased hand-eye coordination.
C) improved ability to focus.
D) all of these

Question 20

During early childhood, healthy children gain about __________a year.

A) 2 pounds
B) 3½ pounds
C) 5 pounds
D) 10 pounds

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill children have typically acquired by the age of 3?

A) Begin to skip
B) Jump rope
C) Hop
D) Balance on one foot

Question 22

Jose is adept at soccer, keeping his balance as he dribbles and kicks the ball. Jose is showing good:

A) fine motor skills.
B) handedness.
C) gross motor skills.
D) lateralization of his large muscle groups.

Question 23

__________ refers to abilities using small muscles in the hands and fingers that result from physical development.

A) Gross motor skills
B) Intermediate motor skills
C) Fine motor skills
D) Hemispheriation

Question 24

Of the following, which is NOT true regarding brain lateralization?

A) People who have a dominant right hemisphere show greater creativity.
B) More people are right-handed than are left-handed.
C) While some brain functions are specialized to one hemisphere or the other, many are linked to both hemispheres.
D) The ability to coordinate activity between both hemispheres is tied to better performance.

Question 25

__________ refers to the functional differences between the two hemispheres of the brain.

A) Synchronization
B) Contraindication
C) Lateralization
D) Dichotomization

Question 26

A six-year-old child has a longer attention span than a 3-year-old child. This is largely due to:

A) greater myelination in the brain of the older child.
B) more opportunities for parents to influence the six-year-old.
C) the effects of schooling.
D) a decrease in the tissue of the prefrontal cortex.

Question 27

If a child can copy shapes drawn by an adult, then they must be at least:

A) 6 years old.
B) 5 years old.
C) 4 years old.
D) 3 years old.

Question 28

Nancy is picking up small sticks between her thumb and pointer finger. What do we call the motor skill that she is exhibiting?

A) Gross motor skills
B) Large motor skills
C) Fine motor skills
D) Delicate motor skills

Question 29

At what age does the typical child first begin to run, climb stairs, and jump with both feet?

A) 2 years
B) 3½ years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 30

Under her mother's watchful eye, Aba can climb the stairs, alternating both feet. Aba is at least:

A) 18 months old.
B) two years old.
C) three years old.
D) four years old.

Question 31

Her mother is noticing indications that 3-year-old Tina is starting to favor her left hand over her right for eating and manipulating objects. This development of preference is referred to as:

A) handedness.
B) functionalization.
C) specialization.
D) developmental continuity.

Question 32

Dancing, running, and hopping are examples of:

A) gross motor skills.
B) intermediate motor skills.
C) fine motor skills.
D) difficult motor skills.

Question 33

Which of the following behaviors should a two-year-old child be able to complete successfully?

A) color in the lines
B) hold a crayon in a pincer grip
C) balance on one foot
D) turn pages in a book

Question 34

If people are right-handed:

A) their left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of their body and their speech.
B) their right cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of their body and their speech.
C) their left cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of their body and their right hemisphere controls their speech.
D) their right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of their body and their left controls their speech.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill children have typically acquired by the age of 4?

A) Balancing on one foot
B) Skipping
C) Catching a small ball
D) Jumping rope

Question 36

Peyton is able to throw and kick a ball. He can also run without falling down most of the time. If he is a typical child, Peyton first was able to exhibit these skills when he was:

A) five years old.
B) four years old.
C) three years old.
D) two years old.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill children have typically acquired by the age of 3?

A) Opposing thumb to forefinger
B) Walking a balance beam
C) Holding a pencil
D) Tying their own shoes

Question 38

The pincer grip is an example of:

A) a gross motor skill.
B) handedness.
C) increased lateralization of the brain.
D) a fine motor skill.

Question 39

__________ refers to abilities using large muscles, resulting from physical development that enables children to perform smooth and coordinated physical acts.

A) Fine motor skills
B) Intermediate motor skills
C) Gross motor skills
D) Lateralization

Question 40

The nerve cells in Alexa's brain have been laying down layers of fat around their axons. As a result, Alexa will:

A) be a better baseball player.
B) be delayed in her development.
C) need a dietary adjustment to slow down the process.
D) be more susceptible to stress.

Question 41

Stress and anxiety are associated with:

A) a predisposition to physical and mental disorders.
B) development of a resilient temperament.
C) children who have a weak genetic growth plan.
D) linked to slow growth patterns.

Question 42

By the time typical children reach the age of 4, they have developed sufficient fine motor coordination to hold a pencil properly and copy squares and other forms, but they cannot yet:

A) dress and undress without help.
B) balance on a sidewalk curb.
C) run well.
D) jump skillfully.

Question 43

Which of the following statements concerning socioeconomic class and childhood development is correct?

A) There seems to be no difference in growth patterns based on socioeconomic status.
B) Children from the lower economic classes tend to be somewhat larger, but less robust than those from the higher classes.
C) Children from higher economic classes tend to be somewhat larger, but less robust than those from lower classes.
D) Children who grow up in more favorable economic conditions are larger than those who grow up in less favorable conditions.

Question 44

A typical fine motor skill for a five-year-old child would be:

A) cutting with scissors well.
B) eating with a knife and fork.
C) skipping well.
D) coloring within the lines.

Question 45

Which of the following is not accurate regarding the genetic growth plan?

A) It is set at conception.
B) We inherit it from our parents.
C) It controls physical development totally.
D) It functions throughout the lifespan.

Question 46

Ramon can balance on one foot and catch a large ball, but he cannot yet ride a bicycle or jump rope. About what age is he?

A) 3 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 5 years old
D) 6 years old

Question 47

Which of the following is important regarding nutrition during early childhood?

A) Children should be allowed to eat what and when they want, as they are growing rapidly during this period.
B) Three meals a day are sufficient for children during this period, as growth has yet to increase remarkably.
C) A well-balanced diet with plenty of healthy snacks and limited sweets and soft drinks should be provided as the eating habits established now can last a lifetime.
D) Children, at this age, require extra energy at this point, but any nutritional shortfalls can be made up during adolescence.

Question 48

A typical gross motor skill for a five-year-old child would be:

A) riding a bicycle.
B) jumping rope.
C) tying shoelaces.
D) balancing on one foot.

Question 49

Jordan's mother allows him to snack frequently, so he isn't hungry at mealtime. While he is underweight for his age group, he has little energy compared to his playmates. What does this mean for Jordan as he grows?

A) Jordan is likely getting the nutrients he needs as children will self select a balanced diet.
B) Jordan is setting an unhealthy eating pattern that will likely stay with him for life.
C) Jordan will have poor impulse control during his early years, but as he is not overweight, he will be fine.
D) Jordan will catch up to his peers once he enters middle childhood, if he doesn't gain too much weight now.

Question 50

What effect does the contraction of a short-term illness have on early childhood development?

A) Permanent retardation of mental and physical development
B) Alteration in developmental avenues and a change in growth patterns
C) It will cause no lasting retardation in the growth rate.
D) Significant slowdowns in growth rates that sometimes require years to overcome

Question 51

When they reach the age of 5, typical children have developed sufficient gross motor coordination to catch a large ball and balance on one foot, but they cannot yet:

A) jump skillfully.
B) skip or hop.
C) run well.
D) catch a small ball.

Question 52

Laura can hold a pencil and copy a square but does not color within the lines very well or form letters. She can, however, pedal a tricycle and skip well. Based on these fine and gross motor skills, what age is she?

A) 2 years old
B) 3 years old
C) 4 years old
D) 5 years old

Question 53

Under what conditions does a short-term illness contracted during early childhood have the potential to significantly disturb a child's growth rate?

A) Under all conditions
B) If the child is poorly nourished
C) If the child is younger than preschool age
D) Under no conditions

Question 54

If children can ride a bicycle, tie their own shoes, and catch a small ball, they are likely to be at least:

A) 6 years of age.
B) 5 years of age.
C) 4 years of age.
D) 3 years of age.

Question 55

Which of the following is a fine motor skill achieved by most six year olds but can't be done by a five year old?

A) forms letters
B) holds a pencil in a pincer grip
C) eats with a knife and fork
D) carries bundles

Question 56

The __________ refers to the inherited pattern that is created at conception and functions throughout the lifespan to influence our physical development.

A) phenotype
B) secular trend
C) genetic growth plan
D) nucleic blueprint

Question 57

If Kevin is a healthy five-year-old boy, which of the following fine motor skills would Kevin be able to accomplish?

A) Dress and undress with help
B) Catch a large ball
C) Hop about 50 feet
D) Eat with a knife and fork

Question 58

Makayla can ride a bike fairly well, has no problem taking a bath by herself, and ties her own shoes. Makayla must be at least:

A) 4 years of age.
B) 5 years of age.
C) 6 years of age.
D) 3 years of age.

Question 59

Which of the following is a gross motor skill achieved by most six year olds but can't be done by a five year old?

A) jumps rope
B) skips
C) balances on one foot
D) ties shoes

Question 60

Jennifer is under the psychological stress of starting preschool at the time her parents are separating to divorce. These stressors:

A) will have no lasting effect, because she will not remember this time in his life.
B) can have a decidedly negative effect.
C) will have no lasting effect, because she is relieved to get away from the parental bickering.
D) can have a temporary effect - Jennifer's brain connections will soon decrease when the stressors pass.

Question 61

When 4-year-old Sally tells her mother that her doll cannot come and play, because she is sick and has to stay in bed, she is exhibiting:

A) animism.
B) artificialism.
C) egocentrism.
D) realism.

Question 62

Layla is 5 years old. Her mother has given both her brother and her each a piece of cake. Layla's is bigger than her brother's piece. He cuts his small piece in half and asks Layla if she wants to trade. What will Layla do?

A) She will trade because she will think that two pieces are better than one, as she will center on the number rather than the sizes.
B) She will keep her piece, because she knows it is bigger than his two pieces.
C) She will keep her piece, because she can't understand the concept of trading.
D) She will tell her mother that her brother is trying to take her cake.

Question 63

A child's experiences feed back into the developing nervous system and facilitate the multiplication and growth of cells. This fact is an example of:

A) reciprocal interactions.
B) sensitive responsiveness.
C) brain lateralization.
D) biopsychosocial forces.

Question 64

__________ refers to children's preoperational behavior that continues after they witnessed the original action or event.

A) Pretend play
B) Symbolism
C) Deferred imitation
D) Realism

Question 65

When a child understands that the word "car" refers to the vehicle that sits in her driveway, she has achieved:

A) egocentrism.
B) deferred imitation.
C) reversibility.
D) representation.

Question 66

During the preoperational period, children usually:

A) understand that inanimate objects are not alive.
B) can perform reverse operations.
C) learn to read.
D) are able to focus on more than one element of a problem.

Question 67

Danielle's mother leaves for work every morning with a cup of coffee. One afternoon, Danielle's grandmother noticed Danielle pick up some keys, grab her juice box and backpack, head for the door and announce she would see everyone later that night. Danielle is showing:

A) pretend play.
B) symbolism.
C) deferred imitation.
D) animism.

Question 68

During the preoperational stage, children develop the ability to retain mental representations of images or behaviors and engage in those behaviors long after they are initially observed. This is called:

A) symbolic play.
B) realism.
C) deferred imitation.
D) classification.

Question 69

While visiting her aunt's house, 5-year-old Tabitha saw her 16-year-old cousin getting ready to go out on a date. At home the next evening, Tabitha came downstairs wearing one of her mother's dresses and carrying her mother's purse, and made the announcement that she was going out. This is an example of:

A) deferred imitation.
B) representation.
C) artificialism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 70

An important milestone achieved during Piaget's preoperational period is:

A) reversibility.
B) the acquisition of basic language skills.
C) the recognition that natural forces are not driven by humans.
D) the ability to see the world from another's point of view.

Question 71

What is the term for the cognitive limitation in which children consider objects alive and conscious that adults consider inert?

A) Realism
B) Animism
C) Egocentrism
D) Artificialism

Question 72

Lauren is playing with her friend, Orlando. They are hiding behind the furniture pretending to shoot arrows at each other using coat hangers for bows. Clearly, Lauren and Orlando are capable of:

A) realism.
B) representation.
C) reciprocal interactions.
D) conservation.

Question 73

__________ is Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, extending from about two to seven years.

A) The preoperational period
B) The sensorimotor period
C) Concrete operations
D) Formal operations

Question 74

Which of the following appear to be factors that contribute to differences in body size seen in children from upper socioeconomic levels than those less fortunate?

A) better sleep patterns
B) better nutrition
C) opportunities for recreation
D) all of these

Question 75

__________ is a child's application of abstract thinking during the preoperational period.

A) Imagination
B) Depiction
C) Representation
D) Portrayal

Question 76

A child worries that her stuffed puppy will be lonely if he leaves it behind during a sleepover. This is an example of:

A) artificialism.
B) animism.
C) conservation.
D) symbolism.

Question 77

Chieko is a privileged child. Compared to Justin who lives at the poverty level, Chieko will:

A) likely have better nutrition but get less sleep.
B) have more recreational opportunities but will be smaller than Justin.
C) have better nutrition but will be less active and so will be weaker than Justin.
D) be larger due to better nutrition, sleep, and recreational activities.

Question 78

__________ is Piaget's term for the preoperational activity in which children consider inanimate objects to possess human thought, feelings, and actions.

A) Animism
B) Artificialism
C) Realism
D) Symbolism

Question 79

Piaget stated that the major accomplishment of the preoperational period is developing the cognitive ability to:

A) use reverse logic.
B) think in terms of representation.
C) use conservation.
D) defer imitation.

Question 80

Which of the following concepts would a preoperational child understand?

A) 3 + 2 = 5 is the same as 5 - 3 = 2
B) a flower may be yellow and a rose, but a rose doesn't have to be yellow
C) a glass that is short and wide may hold the same amount of milk as a tall, skinny glass
D) "candy" is a word for a delicious food