Deck 5: Infancy

Question 1

Which lifespan theorist put forward that children's development was a dynamic process where they sought out information and then modified their conception of the world?

A) Skinner
B) Jung
C) Watson
D) Piaget

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A typical newborn weighs __________ pounds and is about __________ inches long.

A) 7½; 20
B) 8½; 30
C) 6½; 25
D) 5¾ ; 15

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In 2004, how many countries ranked above the United States in rates of infant survival?

A) 28
B) 15
C) 11
D) 5

Answer 3

A

Question 4

As of 2004, a baby who is born in __________ has the best chance of surviving their first year.

A) the United States
B) Hungary
C) Spain
D) Hong Kong

Question 5

One of the strengths of the educational system proposed by the Reggio Emilia group is:

A) careful record keeping to inform teachers and parents about the children's progress.
B) reliance on self-reports of adults on what contributed to their educational successes.
C) a focus on reinforcement to encourage learning.
D) development of an unstructured environment to foster creativity.

Question 6

If Imari is like most babies, during her first year of life, her body length will be __________ when she was born.

A) three times longer than
B) two times longer than
C) about the same as
D) fifty percent longer than

Question 7

Of the following countries, which had the highest infant mortality rate in 2006?

A) Japan
B) Finland
C) the United States
D) Iceland

Question 8

A group of educators who influenced approaches to childhood development were located in:

A) Montessori, Switzerland.
B) La Jolla, California.
C) Reggio Emilia, Italy.
D) London, England.

Question 9

Infant death in the United States is often due to:

A) breach births.
B) teratogens.
C) maternal smoking.
D) low birth weight and early birth.

Question 10

Terry and Sheila's first born son, Tristan, is now 3 weeks old. If Tristan is a typical infant, his parents can expect his weight to __________ during the first year of his life.

A) double
B) triple
C) fluctuate
D) stay the same

Question 11

The __________ is the number of deaths that occur in the first year of life for 1,000 live births.

A) infant mortality rate
B) birth rate
C) death rate
D) population growth rate

Question 12

Shaoqiang's parents are happy that he is healthy and fits into the typical weight and size of newborns. How long is Shaoqiang?

A) 30 inches
B) 35 inches
C) 25 inches
D) 20 inches

Question 13

Of the following infants, who is the least at risk for infant death?

A) Joseph, who weighs 5¾ pounds and was born in England
B) Yuka, who weighs 5½ pounds and was born in Japan
C) Jayden, who weighs 5¾ pounds, was six weeks early and was born in the United States
D) Cooper, who weighs 5½ pounds, was two weeks early and was born in New Zealand

Question 14

Victor is a full term, healthy baby. If he is similar to an average baby, he will weigh:

A) 6½ pounds.
B) 8 pounds.
C) close to nine pounds.
D) 7½ pounds.

Question 15

Of the following countries, which had the lowest infant mortality rate in 2004?

A) the United States
B) Cuba
C) the Czech Republic
D) Singapore

Question 16

Of the following infants, who is the most at risk for infant death?

A) Christopher, who weighed 5¼ pounds at birth
B) Elizabeth, who weighed 7 pounds at birth but was a week early
C) Samma, who weighed 6 pounds at birth but was full term
D) Alim, who was three weeks early and weighed 7¾ pounds

Question 17

__________ argued that children are passive recipients of knowledge and as such have no "free will."

A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Skinner
D) Montessori

Question 18

At 12 months of age, a typical child measures about __________ inches tall and weighs about __________ pounds.

A) 24; 13-14
B) 26; 17-18
C) 30; 22-24
D) 34; 27-29

Question 19

As demonstrated by the Reggio Emilia educators, even before one year of age, children are:

A) capable of imitation
B) can generate and test hypotheses.
C) able to learn through repetition and reward.
D) established in their cognitive capacity and so can be placed at the academic level where they will benefit the most.

Question 20

Which lifespan theorist argued that children are like little sponges waiting for something to absorb?

A) Skinner
B) Piaget
C) Emilia
D) Montessori

Question 21

Obioama is trying to decide whether she should breastfeed her baby. Of the following, which would be a reason for her to choose formula?

A) She is worried about her baby gaining too much weight.
B) She has AIDS.
C) She is concerned about her own weight loss.
D) It will not be possible for her husband to feed the baby if she breastfeeds.

Question 22

Although formula is higher in protein than breast milk, it cannot:

A) confer protection against disease.
B) provide adequate nutrition.
C) satisfy the infant's need for bonding.
D) promote regular sleep patterns.

Question 23

An adult's head is __________ of the body's total length.

A) one seventh
B) one half
C) one fourth
D) one tenth

Question 24

At birth, an infant's head is __________ of the body's total length.

A) one third
B) one half
C) one fourth
D) one seventh

Question 25

In the United States, the recommended interval for breastfeeding is:

A) six weeks.
B) three months.
C) six months.
D) one year.

Question 26

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding that cannot be matched by formula?

A) A high protein content
B) Longer infant sleep cycles
C) Faster growth
D) Protection against disease

Question 27

If Addison is like most mothers in the United States, she will be encouraged by her physician to breastfeed her infant for:

A) six months.
B) four months.
C) three months.
D) six weeks.

Question 28

The __________ is important for the regulation of body functions.

A) frontal lobe
B) occipital lobe
C) cerebellum
D) brain stem

Question 29

Of the following, which are reasons a mother should not breastfeed her child?

A) She has AIDS.
B) She has tuberculosis.
C) She is taking medication that may be passed on to the baby.
D) all of these

Question 30

Of the following, which is not a benefit associated with breastfeeding?

A) better motor coordination
B) fewer allergies
C) stronger bones
D) advanced cognitive development

Question 31

Lilou was breastfed for nearly a year. What can be expected of Lilou's health compared to a baby that was fed formula?

A) She will have stronger bones.
B) She may show cognitive impairment.
C) She will have fewer allergies but will be at more risk for obesity.
D) She will have fewer colds but more colic.

Question 32

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, babies should have:

A) breast milk exclusively for the first six months of life.
B) breast milk exclusively for the first four months of life and then start solid food.
C) breast milk exclusively for the first three months of life but then rice cereal may be included.
D) breast milk exclusively for the first six weeks of life and then pureed food added as needed to help the infant sleep through the night.

Question 33

Hugo's mother breastfed him for one year, adding solid foods to his diet when he was six months old. What can be expected for Hugo's health?

A) He will be overly dependent upon his mother.
B) He will have strong bones but will walk later than most babies his age.
C) He will have fewer allergies, illnesses, and chances of obesity.
D) He will have fewer allergies and illnesses, but his chance of obesity will be slightly increased.

Question 34

The recommended interval for nursing is __________, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

A) one year
B) one month
C) six months
D) six weeks

Question 35

Of the following, which is likely to influence whether a woman chooses to breastfeed or to use formula for her baby?

A) her family's attitudes
B) society's norms
C) her physician's recommendation
D) All of these

Question 36

At twelve, it would be expected that David's head would be about __________ of the length of his body.

A) one fourth
B) one fifth
C) one sixth
D) one seventh

Question 37

At what age are infants generally ready for solid food?

A) 4 to 6 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 2½ to 3½ months
D) 6 months

Question 38

Infants who are breast fed compared to those who are fed formula are:

A) more likely to develop food allergies.
B) more likely to experience gastrointestinal issues.
C) less likely to have allergic reactions.
D) less likely to have late growth spurts.

Question 39

Max's head is one third of his body's length. What does this mean for Max?

A) His head is smaller than most infants.
B) His head is larger than most infants.
C) His head to body length is about what you'd expect in an adult.
D) His head is in normal limits for an infant.

Question 40

Of the following characteristics, which have been linked to early delivery of babies in the United States?

A) low socioeconomic status
B) little education
C) poverty
D) all of these

Question 41

__________ are the imaging techniques most commonly used with infants.

A) fMRI's
B) MRI's
C) CT scans
D) Electroencephalograms

Question 42

__________ is a procedure where electrodes are placed on the scalp to record neuronal activity.

A) Computed tomography
B) Positron emission tomography
C) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D) The electroencephalogram

Question 43

Samantha suffers from insomnia and so is undergoing a process to track her stages of sleep. She is likely experiencing a(n):

A) electroencephalogram.
B) CT scan.
C) PET scan.
D) fMRI.

Question 44

__________ measures the amount of blood flow associated with brain activity.

A) Magnetic resonance imaging
B) Computed tomography
C) An electroencephalogram
D) Positron emission tomography

Question 45

Josh recently began suffering from mild seizures and is scheduled to undergo a procedure that measures blood flow associated with brain activity. This type of procedure is called:

A) magnetic resonance imaging.
B) positive emission tomography.
C) an electroencephalogram.
D) computed axial tomography.

Question 46

The __________ is responsible for primary vision.

A) occipital lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) cerebellum
D) parietal lobe

Question 47

Shelly has trouble picking up a pencil. Which part of the brain is likely damaged?

A) Brain stem
B) Hippocampus
C) Hypothalamus
D) Cerebellum

Question 48

While four-year-old Andrew is articulate and speaks in complete sentences, he can't tell you anything about when he was under a year old because of:

A) infantile amnesia.
B) lack of opportunity.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) retrograde forgetting.

Question 49

Adanya is suffering from lethargy related to head trauma. She would most likely undergo __________ to determine the nature of the damage and to measure any internal swelling of the brain.

A) an electroencephalogram
B) an MRI
C) a PET scan
D) a fetoscopy

Question 50

Which of the following is not a lobe of the human brain?

A) dorsal
B) frontal
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 51

__________ refers to the inability to remember events from early in life.

A) Anterograde amnesia
B) Infantile amnesia
C) Retrograde amnesia
D) Fugue

Question 52

Matthew is having difficulty speaking. It is likely that he has problems with the:

A) occipital lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) parietal lobe
D) either the frontal lobe or the parietal lobe or both

Question 53

__________ is a procedure where the attractive components of iron is followed as it moves through the brain in order to view the structures.

A) Positron emission tomography
B) Computed tomography
C) Magnetic resonance imaging
D) An electroencephalogram

Question 54

Which of the following is a reason to use electroencephalograms exclusively when testing infants?

A) The resulting image is clearer than other techniques
B) There is no radiation involved
C) The baby will only have to be sedated for a short time
D) The time frame for testing is less than that of other imaging techniques

Question 55

Doctors suspect that Yu has suffered brain damage when he was hit in the head playing soccer. In order to view Yu's brain in a three dimensional image constructed of X-rays, they will use:

A) a PET scan.
B) an electroencephalogram.
C) computed tomography.
D) an fMRI.

Question 56

Of the following individuals, which would be expected to show the greatest brain activity?

A) Alexis, who is 12 years old
B) Ella, who is 25 years old
C) Bao, who is 3 weeks old
D) Ebo, who is 55 years old

Question 57

Natalie is worried about having a PET scan done. What would likely be the basis of her concern?

A) The amount of radioactive material that will be injected into her blood stream
B) The side effects of having magnets surround her body
C) The length of time she will have to spend in the imaging machine
D) The potential shock she could receive from the electrodes

Question 58

Logan is 4 months old. He fell from the changing table and is suspected to have a head injury. Which test is most likely to be used to determine the potential brain damage?

A) an electroencephalogram
B) an fMRI
C) a CT scan
D) any of these

Question 59

__________ assesses brain activity by tracking radioactive particles through the blood stream.

A) Positron emission tomography
B) Computed tomography
C) An electroencephalogram
D) Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 60

Computed tomography is:

A) a procedure that measures electrical activity in the brain.
B) a procedure that measures blood flow associated with brain activity.
C) a type of x-ray that presents a three-dimensional image of the brain.
D) a procedure that measures iron in the blood.

Question 61

__________ is a sheath of insulation around axons that facilitates communication between neurons.

A) A dendrite's membrane
B) The Node of Ranvier
C) Myelin
D) An axon membrane

Question 62

__________ are branchlike ends of neurons that receive and conduct the electrochemical signals between the cells.

A) Dendrites
B) Axons
C) Myelin cells
D) Soma

Question 63

The brain of an average infant weighs approximately:

A) 4 ounces.
B) 8 ounces.
C) 16 ounces.
D) one and a half pounds.

Question 64

__________ are the branchlike ends of neurons that send electrochemical signals between cells.

A) Dendrites
B) Axons
C) Glia
D) Spines

Question 65

The brain reaches adult size and weight at about age:

A) 6 months.
B) 3 years.
C) 5 years.
D) 18 years.

Question 66

Sheila is raised in a large orphanage where she is rarely talked to or held. What is probably happening in her brain?

A) Her neurons are probably developing normally.
B) Her neurons are probably making many connections in the language areas of the brain.
C) The neurons in the emotional areas of her brain may be dying off.
D) Research has not come far enough to be able to answer this question.

Question 67

How do neurons communicate with one another?

A) Via gaseous exchange
B) Via electrochemical signals
C) Via physical movement
D) all of these

Question 68

__________ are never cells that transmit information with electrochemical signals.

A) Schwann cells
B) Neurons
C) Glia
D) Neuroglia

Question 69

If Grace is typical of newborns, her brain weighs:

A) a fourth of a pound
B) half a pound
C) one pound
D) one and half pounds

Question 70

When Luis is one year old, his brain will:

A) weigh about two pounds.
B) be slightly larger than when he was born.
C) be about half the size of an adult brain.
D) weigh about one pound.

Question 71

Which of the following statements concerning the developing infant brain is correct?

A) The first six months of development are genetically hardwired and undergo little environmental alteration.
B) The infant's brain at 6 months old is approximately 75 percent of its adult weight.
C) The infant's brain is continually rewiring itself based on environmental stimulation.
D) The infant's brain at birth is 10 percent of its adult weight.

Question 72

The technique that can predict behavior problems in toddlers most accurately is:

A) the CT scan.
B) the PET scan.
C) an electroencephalogram.
D) an MRI.

Question 73

The infant's brain at birth is about __________ of its adult size.

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 74

Of the following functions, which could be damaged by shaking a baby?

A) heart rate
B) respiration
C) temperature regulation
D) all of these

Question 75

___________ allows neuronal communication to occur more rapidly.

A) Mitochondria
B) Myelin
C) Mitichloria
D) The nucleus

Question 76

Which of the following regarding neurons is TRUE?

A) Neurons randomly die.
B) Neurons die based on use, but only during infancy and childhood.
C) Neurons die based on use throughout our lifetime.
D) Neurons do not typically die unless there is a disease.

Question 77

__________ refers to the simulation of human cognitive abilities by machines.

A) Artificial intelligence
B) Animism
C) Artificialism
D) Realism

Question 78

Researchers at a sleep lab would most likely use __________ to measure brain waves in patients who suffer from abnormal sleep patterns.

A) PET scans
B) an MRI
C) an electroencephalogram
D) CAT scans

Question 79

Alex gets so frustrated that his infant nephew won't stop crying that he shakes him until the baby's brain loses control over heart rate, respiration, and temperature. What condition was the infant exposed to?

A) Fragile X
B) Shaken Baby syndrome
C) Hippocampus dysfunction
D) Down syndrome

Question 80

The small gap between neurons is called the:

A) cytoplasm.
B) Node of Ranvier.
C) axon terminal.
D) synapse.