Deck 4: Perspectives on Community Development

Question 1

The difference between program-based and power-based community development is that in the program-based approach

A) reliance is placed on transfers of resources from those with money and political power while in the power-based community development approach, competition may prohibit transfers.
B) community resources are used as leverage in order to bargain for position to acquire what is needed while in the power-based approach, competition reigns in order to acquire resources.
C) reliance is placed on governmental agencies to make transfers of resources while in the power-based approach, the government allows for negotiations of what can be transferred.
D) community resources are partitioned to achieve equal distribution among the local issues or concerns while in the power-based approach, resources are the acquisitions of a few powerful groups.
E) community resources are divided among the interests while in the power-based approach, money is the main powerful resource.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Karl Marx viewed capitalism as

A) responsible for the appearance of two social classes: the owners of the production means and the working class.
B) responsible for the attitude of greed and self-interest in the governing class.
C) what is to be blamed for the inadequacies of government.
D) responsible for liberating the markets.
E) what is to be blamed for the economic decline of the developed countries.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements best describe feminism?

A) it focuses on strengthening disadvantaged communities
B) the basic concept is the belief in the equality of men and women
C) the basic belief that women are superior to men
D) it focuses on the personal experiences of women as the mainstay of politics
E) it emphasizes the public view that women should be involved in political action

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following concepts best describe ecologism?

A) environmental preservation and sustainability
B) diversity and environmental preservation
C) environmental protection and futuristic decision making
D) environmental protection and government enforcement of treaties
E) voluntary cooperation and environmental preservation

Question 5

A leader in social animation is necessary to

A) bring together community members in analyzing issues, generating solutions, and performing the tasks.
B) motivate community members in participating to research common issues and transform other resources into local ones.
C) organize local influential people and governments in order to analyze concerns, make decisions, and delegate responsibilities.
D) predict outcomes for projects that benefit the community and implements interventions.
E) advise community members about the plans and proposed interventions to solve local issues.

Question 6

A community developer who subscribes to the locality development model of practice believes that

A) people are innately good and can act together to solve concerns of the community.
B) people have both good and bad impulses and have the will and capacity to make changes.
C) people are so diverse that they may need assistance in encouraging a shared purpose and acting together.
D) individuals coming together can competitively vie for positions within the change organization.
E) people generally have low levels of participation and have difficulty adapting to change.

Question 7

What is the difference between the indigenous perspective and western values?

A) indigenous values emphasize self-autonomy while western values promote collectivism
B) indigenous perspective promotes self sufficient communities and connectedness to the land while western perspective values competition and taking from the land
C) indigenous perspective promotes competition and limited harvesting of natural resources while western perspective emphasizes exploitation of all resources
D) western culture promotes community activities and values diversity while indigenous culture highlights uniformity
E) both perspectives espouse communal groups and respect for natural resources

Question 8

Conservatism, in a classic sense, believe in a government that

A) has reduced involvement in the social and economic affairs of the population.
B) is committed to attending the social and economic well-being of the population.
C) is made up of people who are convinced that they know what is best for the population.
D) has views of the necessity of competition in social and economic affairs.
E) is made up of the working class.

Question 9

Power-based community developers use strategies such as

A) observation, philosophizing, and clarifying alternatives.
B) conciliation, observation, and starting change.
C) negotiation, confrontation, and starting change.
D) negotiation, inspiring tactics, and encouraging change.
E) strategic planning, conciliation, and management of resources.

Question 10

According to the conflict theorists, problems arise because of

A) limited resources and different interests among groups
B) individuals' interests influencing society
C) instability of roles and human resources
D) limited allowances on individual basic human needs
E) society's view of the equality of human beings

Question 11

Modern socialists view the role of government as

A) a protector of the social and economic well-being of all citizens and promoter of laws to deal with inequities.
B) a supporter of the liberation of the market in order to promote equality between the working class and the rich.
C) a protector of human rights and diversity among the citizens.
D) a supporter of decisions to empower the population.
E) a protector of civil liberties so that there is justice for all.

Question 12

Socialists believe that government ought to

A) be aware of the social conditions caused by economic fluctuations in the market.
B) have a group of the ruling class control the social conditions of the population.
C) be made up by the citizens who are highly involved in social and economic affairs.
D) be socially responsible by campaigning for liberal candidates.
E) have a group of social philosophers adapt the conditions for the people.

Question 13

Why are political ideologies relevant to community development?

A) they influence community members' organizing to meet their needs
B) they enforce rules that govern the public's interests
C) they influence the economic landscape
D) they influence decision making by the people in power
E) they are significant in meeting the challenges of the time

Question 14

According to the United Nations (2005), community economic development is

A) working with a globalized perspective to achieve economic independence.
B) based on community members' willingness to participate in commercial activities to improve the economic conditions
C) using local resources to meet local needs in a sustainable manner
D) using economic advantages to achieve healthy local communities
E) based on promoting community participation

Question 15

Which of the following examples illustrates the perspective of functionalism?

A) individuals identify the problem and come together to share experiences and resources
B) society identifies the issue and solutions that each individual can undertake to stabilize the community
C) if a role or service is not adequately fulfilled, solutions are explored in order to fill in the gap
D) if roles are not met, individuals are summoned to perform those roles until governmental agencies are able to accommodate those roles
E) individuals and society have to work together to address these structural deficiencies

Question 16

In comparing liberalism and conservatism, the perspectives on tax levels

A) in liberalism, it is variable while it is moderate in conservatism.
B) in liberalism, it is low while in conservatism it is moderate.
C) are both moderate and variable.
D) in liberalism, it is moderate while it is low in conservatism.
E) in liberalism, it is moderate while it is variable in conservatism.

Question 17

One of the goals of participatory research is to

A) involve community members in active experimental research.
B) commit community resources in identifying the research question.
C) create a greater awareness of the community's own resources.
D) engender pride in the economic success of the community.
E) create a database of the research methods used in the process.

Question 18

According to the functionalist theorists, social problems occur

A) when roles are not fulfilled by individuals, groups, and society.
B) because resources are limited.
C) when competing interests arise among groups.
D) because society is unable to influence individuals to solve problems.
E) when individuals do not find meaning in the solutions to the problems.

Question 19

Which of the following beliefs belong to the perspective of anarchy?

A) power corrupts people so they need philosopher kings to govern them
B) power is very useful and can transform people to manage the necessary changes in their lives
C) the market place dictates the nature of government so businesses should rule the people
D) people have the freedom in both the social and economic spheres and do not need rulers
E) people need to get involved in their social and economic situations and govern themselves

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describe how changes occur from the symbolic interactionist viewpoint?

A) change is fast, planned, and reoccurring
B) change is positive, slow, and deliberate
C) it is caused by external sources and actions come from within the group
D) it is reactive, rapid, and assists in restoring equilibrium
E) change occurs as a result of ongoing instabilities and conflicts

Question 21

Programs and agencies that are based on the locality development philosophy are not able to last for a long time.

Question 22

Macro theories believe that society influences individuals while micro theories contend that individuals construct society.

Question 23

Instability in society occurs when "the have's" and the "have notes" are in conflict over resources.

Question 24

What is an example of a policy practice that is a community development activity?

A) outreach
B) advocacy
C) board membership
D) program development
E) coalition building

Question 25

In participatory research, the researcher oversees the process and remains the passive facilitator.

Question 26

Both pressure and partnership organizations lobby for change for the benefit of the community.

Question 27

Liberals give moderate support same sex marriage.

Question 28

Social change is static and often radical in nature.

Question 29

Participatory research involves the community's full and active participation in the process.

Question 30

Power-based community developers are better at maintaining changes that their program based counterparts.

Question 31

Plato, who was a modern conservative, believed that economy should be based on a free market.

Question 32

In the restorative processes, approaches need to be based on honesty and safety.

Question 33

Social planning differs from locality development because instead of stressing self-help and development of local leaders, it

A) emphasizes citizen participation and problem solving.
B) focuses on organizing groups to use pressure tactics.
C) emphasizes the role of planning to deal with conflicting interests.
D) focuses on achieving economic prosperity at the local level.
E) emphasizes the expert's process of problem solving.

Question 34

Social animators encourage community participation so that the members can make improvements.

Question 35

Building community capacity is an important aspect of social planning.

Question 36

Critics of social planning contend that the research conducted by experts

A) is not flexible and can create dysfunctional patterns.
B) can alienate the policy makers.
C) can be disconnected from the community's reality.
D) is based on the power-driven members of the community.
E) has the potential of damaging relationships with funders.

Question 37

An example of an instrumental benefit because of community engagement is

A) the building of a community centre.
B) establishing relationships with other community members.
C) receiving an award as a neighbourhood captain.
D) developing friendships with other participants.
E) the building of community members' skills.

Question 38

Karl Marx contended that the working class should govern so that the rich people who owned the means for production do not dominate the economy.

Question 39

In the social action process, the first step is to

A) define the problem by involving experts, victims, lawmakers, and other stakeholders.
B) establish relationships with stakeholders both locally and nationally.
C) define the problem by doing participatory research and disseminating those results to the stakeholders.
D) engaging the community in an exercise to determine their readiness to embark on a change process.
E) perform an environmental scan to determine the priorities.

Question 40

In symbolic interaction theory, change can only occur if there is a common ground among the members of a community or society.

Question 41

What are the differences between macro and micro theories?

Question 42

What are three characteristics of program-based approaches to community development?

Question 43

What are four advantages of locality development practices?

Question 44

Differentiate between pressure and protest organizations.

Question 45

Explain the usefulness of participatory research in community development.

Question 46

Describe the functions of a social animator.

Question 47

Explain the social planning process.

Question 48

Describe how social planning influences change.