Deck 14: Aggression and Violence

Question 1

The key element that distinguishes most researcher's definition of sexual assault broadly and rape more specifically is ______

A) intention
B) penetration
C) consent
D) harm

Answer 1

penetration

Question 2

Which of the following is a necessary component in social psychologists' definition of aggression?

A) intention
B) physical contact
C) premeditation
D) emotion

Answer 2

intention

Question 3

Each of the following is TRUE of violent victimization EXCEPT ______.

A) both men and women aggress more towards men in laboratory studies
B) women are targeted with intimate partner violence substantially more frequently than men
C) crime statistics reveal that men are more likely than women to be the victims of almost all types of violent crime
D) sex differences in violent victimization are consistent across race and ethnicity

Answer 3

women are targeted with intimate partner violence substantially more frequently than men

Question 4

During which age range are men most likely to be involved in violent crime?

A) 16-25
B) 26-35
C) 36-45
D) 46-55

Question 5

Natalie spreads nasty rumors about Daisy that harm her reputation and cause others to treat her poorly. Which type of aggression best characterizes Natalie's behavior?

A) social psychologist would not classify this behavior as aggression
B) indirect
C) direct
D) physical

Question 6

Relative to women in general, each of the following groups is especially vulnerable to sexual assault EXCEPT ______.

A) young girls age 15 or younger
B) girls and women with developmental disabilities
C) women who live in poverty or are homeless
D) homemakers in conservative households

Question 7

For which of the following types of violent crimes are women more likely than men to be victims?

A) assault
B) armed robbery
C) homicides
D) sexual assault

Question 8

The earliest research on this type of violence framed it largely in terms of male violence against women.

A) assault
B) homicide
C) intimate partner violence
D) robbery

Question 9

______ is a term coined by Michael Johnson (2008) that describes situations when heated conflicts get out of hand and escalate unpredictably into violence.

A) Intimate terrorism
B) Situational couple violence
C) Domestic violence
D) Violent escalation

Question 10

What best describes how researchers typically differentiate between the meanings of violence and aggression?

A) Not all violence is aggression but all aggression is violence.
B) Violence includes all forms of direct aggression but not indirect aggression.
C) Researchers typically use violence and aggression interchangeably.
D) Violence usually refers to severe forms of physical aggression.

Question 11

Which of the following describes sex differences in physical aggression?

A) Men tend to be more physically aggressive in the real world but not in the laboratory.
B) Differences vary greatly and are inconsistent across culture.
C) Differences do not emerge until late in development.
D) Effect sizes tend to fall in the medium to large range.

Question 12

Which of the following types of aggression shows the most consistent and largest sex difference?

A) Observed relational aggression
B) Self-reported physical aggression
C) Observed verbal aggression
D) Cyberbullying

Question 13

Researchers examining sex differences in physical aggression in laboratory environments find that which of the following increases the size of the disparity?

A) using older participants
B) highlighting participants' identities by giving them nametags
C) directly provoking aggression
D) running the study in the morning rather than the evening

Question 14

Liam screams hurtful insults in Ewan's face, but Ewan laughs and walks away. Which type of aggression best characterizes Liam's behavior?

A) social psychologist would not classify this behavior as aggression
B) physical and indirect
C) relational and direct
D) verbal and direct

Question 15

More recent meta-analyses of relational aggression find what kind, if any, of sex differences?

A) Small sex differences only emerge in older participants using methods other than self-report.
B) Small sex differences emerge but only among young children.
C) Sex differences are largest in self-report data.
D) Sex differences only emerge in environments where there are larger proportions of women than men.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes sex differences in cyberbullying

A) Girls are more likely to cyberbully than boys until their mid-20s.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to cyberbully at a young age but then become more prone to traditional bullying as they mature.
C) They are small and depend upon age.
D) Sex differences only emerge in adulthood and favor males.

Question 17

Which of the following groups is most likely to be targeted with violent crimes?

A) White men
B) Black men
C) White women
D) Black women

Question 18

Which of the following types of aggression does research consistently show is committed more frequently by men?

A) intimate terrorism
B) situational couple violence
C) intimate partner violence
D) cyberbullying

Question 19

Which of the following would NOT count as aggression according to the social psychology definition?

A) throwing a rock at an unsuspecting victim but missing and hitting no one
B) screaming hurtful words in someone's face
C) smashing one's tennis racket after losing a point
D) undermining someone's reputation via gossip

Question 20

Incarceration rates for women in the US have increased relative to men since the 1980s. This trend is largely due to increased incarceration among ______.

A) White women
B) Black women
C) Latina women
D) Asian women

Question 21

The case of Brock Turner, a Stanford student convicted of three felony counts of sexual assault who only received 6 months in county jail, may serve as an example of what bias that often emerges in the aftermath of sexual violence?

A) white people of privilege facing more lenient repercussions of sexual violence
B) the public's reaction is dictated heavily by outrage on social media
C) people take crimes featured in the mass media less seriously
D) people are less likely to blame perpetrators of sexual violence targeting unconscious victims

Question 22

Which of the following is FALSE of perpetrators of sexual violence?

A) Men commit over 90% of all rapes in the United States.
B) Rapists use weapons in about 10% of assaults.
C) Rape usually occurs between strangers.
D) Most rapes that target men are committed by women.

Question 23

Evidence that women in male-dominated organizations experience more harassment than women in female-dominated organizations may support which of the following explanations of sex-based harassment?

A) deficits in impulse control
B) schadenfreude
C) desires to protect one's status and power
D) sexual desire

Question 24

An individual who was intoxicated during a rape who did not fight back or say "no" may be especially prone to the phenomenon ______.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) Stockholm syndrome
C) unacknowledged rape
D) rape suppression

Question 25

Black women are more likely to be sexually assaulted via ______ and White women are more likely to be sexually assaulted via ______.

A) incapacitation with drugs; physical force
B) physical force; incapacitation with drugs
C) coercion; incapacitation with drugs
D) incapacitation with drugs; coercion

Question 26

This category of sex-based harassment involves negative speech or behaviors and often takes place between two individuals of equal status.

A) sexual coercion
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) hostile environment harassment
D) physical harassment

Question 27

Consider the following hypothetical newspaper headlines discussing sexual violence. Which of them best illustrates victim blaming?

A) Binge drinking increases perpetrators likelihood of groping new research shows.
B) Presumed gangbang victim had consumed too much alcohol.
C) Victims of sexual assault at hands of University professor step forward.
D) Date rape drugs commonly used in celebrity cases of sexual misconduct.

Question 28

Ian is Hayden's mentor in graduate school. Ian offers to introduce Hayden to influential people within his field in exchange for sexual favors. This is an example of ______.

A) gender harassment
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) hostile environment harassment
D) physical harassment

Question 29

Which of the following types of sex-based harassment do people report experiencing most frequently?

A) being shown sexual or pornographic images
B) groping and unwanted touching
C) quid pro quo arrangements
D) unwelcome sexual comments or jokes

Question 30

Victims of sexual violence who lack _______ are especially vulnerable to negative impacts upon psychological and physical health.

A) warm personality traits
B) social support
C) system justifying beliefs
D) religious beliefs

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT associated with increased blame attributed to the victims of rape?

A) the person attributing blame being male (relative to female)
B) the perpetrator being a woman (relative to a man)
C) the victim being a Black woman (relative to a White woman)
D) the victim being a gay male (relative to a heterosexual male)

Question 32

The confluence model of sexual aggression posits two primary factors that predict men sexual aggression against women ______.

A) hostile attitudes and preference for impersonal sex
B) deficiencies in empathy and in impulse control
C) sociocultural environment and genetic predispositions
D) personality traits and gender role socialization

Question 33

Each of the following are examples of rape myths EXCEPT ______.

A) women often make false reports of rape
B) men can't be raped
C) rape usually occurs between strangers
D) rape does occur among dating couples

Question 34

Berdahl (2007) argues that the primary motivation for sex-based harassment is ______.

A) deficits in impulse control
B) schadenfreude
C) desires to protect one's status and power
D) sexual desire

Question 35

Which of the following describes a culture with high levels of power distance?

A) A culture that accepts unequally distributed levels of status and power.
B) A society where power is dispersed over a large group of people.
C) Cultures where people can easily move from positions of low to high power.
D) A society in which high and low power individuals rarely interact.

Question 36

On average, people raised in which of the following countries will be most susceptible to blaming the victims of sexual violence?

A) India
B) The United States
C) Germany
D) The Netherlands

Question 37

______ refers to behavior that interrogates or humiliates an individual based on their sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

A) Sex-based harassment
B) Sexual assault
C) Sexual violence
D) Sexual prejudice

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a primary reason cited by survivors of sexual assault for not reporting the incident to police?

A) feeling like they lack proof
B) fear that the police will not take them seriously
C) feeling that most cases of sexual assault are not that big of a deal
D) fear that the perpetrator will retaliate

Question 39

Which of the following has NOT been shown to predict male-to-female sexual assault among men?

A) antisocial personality
B) assertiveness
C) adverse childhood events
D) physical size

Question 40

Cultures characterized by ______ tend to contain higher frequencies of sex-based harassment.

A) internet dependence
B) collectivism
C) individualism
D) mental illness

Question 41

Both men and women are about equally as likely to be the targets of intimate partner violence, although women tend to suffer more serious physical injury than men do.

Question 42

Which of the following behaviors best exemplifies the predictions of the precarious manhood hypothesis?

A) James laughs off a public insult to his masculinity.
B) Christopher opens the door for his girlfriend in front of a crowd.
C) Domhnall punches a man at a bar for making fun of his "girly" drink.
D) John hangs a pair of "truck-nuts" from the back of his pickup.

Question 43

______ is(are) an example of ritualized sexual aggression that is a core part of cultural identity for many cultures.

A) Rites of passage
B) Dowry deaths
C) Honor killings
D) Female genital mutilation

Question 44

Polyvictimization predicts more severe trauma symptoms than experience the same type of aggression repeatedly.

Question 45

Rape typically occurs between strangers.

Question 46

Which of the following theories most directly addresses sexual violence that is NOT male-to-female?

A) evolutionary theories
B) I³ theory
C) theories rooted in honor cultures
D) theories of patriarchy and power differences

Question 47

Sex differences in physical aggression emerge as early as age 3 and fall in the medium to large effect size range.

Question 48

Evidence that intimate partner violence is best predicted by a combination of the inhibitory control and strong provocation most directly supports ______.

A) evolutionary theories
B) I³ theory
C) theories rooted in honor cultures
D) theories of patriarchy and power differences

Question 49

The observation that the countries in the European Union with the highest levels of intimate partner violence also tend to rank high in gender equality is consistent with which of the following perspectives?

A) the socioeconomic dependence perspective
B) cultures of honor
C) the evolutionary perspective
D) the status inconsistency perspective

Question 50

The fact that jealousy is the most frequent reason offered for male initiated intimate partner violence directly supports which approach or theory?

A) perspectives based on genetics
B) sociocultural approaches
C) evolutionary psychology
D) individual or personality approaches

Question 51

Men in the United States account for about 80% of violent crime arrests and this pattern is consistent across culture.

Question 52

Girls and women are more likely than men to aggress via insults.

Question 53

What best describes the state of research examining links between pornography and sexual violence?

A) Both the correlational and experimental research provides conflicting evidence of the effects of pornography upon sexual aggression.
B) The literature consistently shows a correlational, but not causal link between pornography exposure and sexual aggression.
C) Real world and laboratory data combine to support a causal effect of pornography exposure upon sexual aggression.
D) The present state of the literature finds no relationship between pornography and sexual aggression.

Question 54

Nearly 20% of women in the U.S. report being raped at least once in their lifetime.

Question 55

The sexual callousness model argues that repeated exposure to pornography can increase sexually aggressive tendencies by ______.

A) decreasing general capacities for empathic concern
B) desensitizing men to sexually aggressive behavior
C) increasing sexual urges
D) increasing hostilely sexist attitudes

Question 56

Male initiated intimate partner violence driven by retaliation over infidelity is especially likely in/among ______.

A) racial and ethnic minorities
B) western cultures
C) honor cultures
D) societies loan socioeconomic status

Question 57

In cultures that emphasize and hold family honor as sacred, women who ______ are vulnerable to extreme violence and threats of death.

A) receive an education
B) work outside the home
C) reject men or deny sex
D) expose themselves to Western cultural norms

Question 58

Substantial sex differences exist in overall relational aggression (e.g., gossip).

Question 59

Being the perpetrator of bullying, as well as the victim, is associated with increased suicide risk.

Question 60

A child purposefully, but harmlessly, striking his father repeatedly in a temper tantrum would not count as aggression according to the social psychology definition.

Question 61

Define sex-based harassment and describe the three different types of relevant behavior identified by psychologists. Describe what type of sex-based harassment tends to be the most common and explain differences in the prevalence of sex-based harassment across Eastern and Western cultures. Explain the role of both power distance and collectivism versus individualism in your response.

Question 62

A recent meta-analysis concluded that roughly one in five rape allegations are false.

Question 63

Summarize the current state of the evidence supporting a link between pornography consumption and sexual aggression. What is the sexual callousness model and what evidence is there supporting or conflicting with it? Describe both correlational and experimental evidence in your response.

Question 64

Identify one biological and one socio-cultural factor that contribute to gender-based aggression. Summarize the evidence that supports each of these factors influencing gender-based aggression.

Question 65

The countries in the European Union with the highest levels of intimate partner violence also tend to consistently rank highest in the world in gender equality.

Question 66

Briefly explain what Berdahl (2007) proposes is the primary motivation for sex-based harassment.

Question 67

Describe two factors that have been shown to influence the size of the sex difference in physical aggression.

Question 68

Explain both the predictions of the socioeconomic dependence perspective and the status and consistency perspective regarding intimate partner violence.

Question 69

What are "rape myths" (provide an example in your answer) and how do they contribute to the phenomenon of unacknowledged rape?

Question 70

According to the definitions typically used by psychologists, what is the difference between aggression and violence? Provide an example of behavior that is considered violence and an example that is considered aggression but not violence.

Question 71

Sex-based harassment tends to be more common and less harshly punished in individualistic, Western cultures.

Question 72

Briefly describe what evidence, if any, supports the "mean girls" stereotype (that women are especially likely to hurt each other with social exclusion and false rumors).

Question 73

Literature reviews consistently find evidence of a causal relationship between pornography exposure and sexual aggression.

Question 74

The most common form of sex-based harassment is unwanted touching or groping.

Question 75

Describe the two types of intimate partner violence identified by Johnson (2008). How do they help explain the frequency of intimate partner violence committed by men and women respectively?