Deck 11: Work and Home

Question 1

For men, the division of labor doesn't start to feel unfair until they do about ______ of domestic work; women do not start reporting that the allocation is unfair until they do ______ of domestic work.

A) 66%; 36%
B) 36%; 66%
C) 50%; 50%
D) 50%; 80%

Answer 1

36%; 66%

Question 2

Some theorists propose that a stalled gender revolution has occurred as women's increased gains in the workplace have plateaued because of ______.

A) men's unequal contribution to labor on the home front
B) lack of support from male allies
C) societal backlash
D) sexual harassment

Answer 2

men's unequal contribution to labor on the home front

Question 3

The ______ refers to the invisible barriers than keep women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements.

A) crystal castle
B) glass ceiling
C) looking glass
D) prism prison

Answer 3

glass ceiling

Question 4

Women tend to be rated as more effective leaders in what type of domains?

A) jobs that require competence
B) general management positions
C) careers with lots of social interaction
D) female-typed settings

Question 5

Jared's wife makes more money than he does. Jared responds by avoiding "feminine" housework. Jared's behavior is most consistent with ______.

A) the relative income hypothesis
B) time availability theory
C) the gender ideology hypothesis
D) the maternal gatekeeping hypothesis

Question 6

Observations that companies more often select female over male leaders under risky, unfavorable conditions is evidence for the ______ effect.

A) glass ceilings
B) sticky floors
C) flat ceilings
D) glass Cliff

Question 7

______ proposes couple members trade off income for housework such that whoever makes more money does less housework.

A) The relative income hypothesis
B) Time availability theory
C) The gender ideology hypothesis
D) The maternal gatekeeping hypothesis

Question 8

Female leaders tend to be more likely to adopt each of the following styles than male leaders EXCEPT ______.

A) interpersonally oriented
B) collaborative
C) hands-off
D) democratic

Question 9

Research showing that women's income has no bearing on the proportion of housework they do most directly contradicts ______.

A) the relative income hypothesis
B) time availability theory
C) the gender ideology hypothesis
D) the maternal gatekeeping hypothesis

Question 10

What trends in divisions of labor may be contributing to worse levels of individual well-being and marital satisfaction for women?

A) women increasing their presence in the workforce but still doing most housework
B) men robbing women of their caretaking responsibilities
C) women feeling guilty for taking the breadwinner role from their husbands
D) lower levels of men in the workforce causing financial instability for couples

Question 11

In 1974, Sweden became the first country in the world to do what?

A) replace maternity leave with the more inclusive parental leave
B) pass equal pay legislation for women
C) Institute quotas for hiring women
D) pass initiatives for increasing diversity in universities

Question 12

The "think manager think male" effect refers to ______.

A) the stereotype that men are more qualified than women for upper-level management
B) the positive outcomes of priming masculine traits upon manager performance
C) the positive relationship between masculine managerial styles and business performance
D) the observation that serving in upper-level management prompts people to adopt more masculine traits

Question 13

______ refers to barriers that keep low-wage workers from ascending from the bottom.

A) Glass ceilings
B) Sticky floors
C) Flat ceilings
D) Discrimination

Question 14

In the United States, women do ______ housework they did in 1965 while men do about ______ housework they did in 1965.

A) double the; half the
B) half the; double the
C) the same amount of; double the
D) the same amount of; half the

Question 15

Each of the following has risen since 1950 EXCEPT ______.

A) average age of first marriage
B) percentage of children living in single-parent households
C) percentage of household where men are the primary breadwinners
D) percentage of households where women are the sole providers

Question 16

Which of the characteristics are more typical of household work performed by men?

A) daily routine work
B) ongoing tasks
C) take place inside the home
D) flexibility in scheduling

Question 17

Each of the following are still true today EXCEPT ______.

A) women hold 14% of top executive positions
B) a gender wage gap remains in virtually every nation
C) women still do the majority of housework and childcare throughout the world
D) men are still the soul breadwinners in the majority of American households

Question 18

Linda is reluctant to let her husband help with household and childcare work. She says she enjoys being an expert in domestic work. Linda's behavior is consistent with ______.

A) the relative income hypothesis
B) time availability theory
C) the gender ideology hypothesis
D) maternal gatekeeping

Question 19

Which of the following is a problem with time availability theory's explanation of divisions of household labor?

A) It doesn't explain the gender pay gap.
B) It doesn't explain why employed women do more than half of the housework even when their male partners are unemployed.
C) It doesn't explain differences in why women succeed in education more than men.
D) It contradicts findings that stereotype threat affects women's performance outside of the house.

Question 20

Compared to previous generations, a recent norm has emerged favoring ______ parenting.

A) "tough love"
B) scientifically grounded
C) hands-off
D) intensive and time consuming

Question 21

Which of the following most closely maps onto the gender wage gap in the United States?

A) Women earn 25% of what men make.
B) Women earn 50% of what men make.
C) Women earn 75% of what men make.
D) Women earn 100% of what men make.

Question 22

The tendency of male-dominated fields to be devalued as women enter them in large numbers as described by the phenomenon ______.

A) occupational feminization
B) occupational segregation
C) feminized salary negotiation
D) glass ceiling effects

Question 23

Early research on worklife balance was largely influenced by ______.

A) feminist ideology
B) essentialist biases
C) evolutionary theory
D) the scarcity hypothesis

Question 24

The observation that women who behave assertively are often viewed as less likable while women who behave warmly may appear to lack competence is crucial to which of the following biases?

A) the maternal wall
B) the tight rope bias
C) the prove it again bias
D) the tug-of-war bias

Question 25

Which of the following biases most directly may make it more difficult for women in the workplace to support one another?

A) the maternal wall
B) the tight rope bias
C) the prove it again bias
D) the tug-of-war bias

Question 26

In college, men tend to more heavily populate the ______ majors, while women tend to dominate the ______ majors.

A) highest paying; most rewarding
B) highest paying, lowest paying
C) most difficult; easiest
D) most physically demanding; most emotionally demanding

Question 27

Evidence that even just one year out of college, women working full-time earn less than their male peers, even when majoring in the same field, suggests that which of the following may be key in explaining the gender wage gap?

A) occupational feminization
B) occupational segregation
C) education level
D) salary negotiation

Question 28

Which of the following would be the best example of a micro-aggression?

A) remarking to a coworker that they don't look like a typical Indian
B) tapping too hard on someone's shoulder to get their attention
C) standing too close to someone during a conversation
D) sending a coworker sexually explicit photos

Question 29

Research following graduates from the same prestigious law school found what trajectory for the gender wage gap?

A) started small then increased gradually over time
B) started somewhat large then decreased gradually over time
C) showed no change over time
D) increased during the early stages of careers then decreased during the later stages

Question 30

Displaying which of the following behaviors or traits during a job interview will most likely lead to more negative evaluations targeting male, but not female, interviewees?

A) assertiveness
B) extraversion
C) modesty
D) sociability

Question 31

Small and colleagues (2007) research study on sex differences in salary negotiation found that framing interviews explicitly as ______ may inhibit women from requesting a higher salary.

A) a negotiation
B) a formal discussion
C) an informal discussion
D) noncompetitive

Question 32

Research suggests that which of the following men will be most likely to suffer sex-based harassment in the workplace?

A) men who are hyper-masculine
B) introverted man
C) men who are physically unfit
D) highly feminine men

Question 33

Which of the following contributors to the gender wage gap most directly explains increases in the wage gap over the trajectories of people's careers?

A) the tug of war bias
B) occupational segregation
C) the motherhood penalty
D) glass ceiling effects

Question 34

The following contributor to the gender wage gap is currently on the rise, especially among men.

A) overwork
B) occupational segregation
C) the motherhood penalty
D) glass ceiling effects

Question 35

For which of the following groups is the gender wage gap the largest in the United States?

A) Latina women
B) Black women
C) White women
D) Asian women

Question 36

Women who ______ during job interviews tend to be evaluated more negatively than men who do so.

A) are socially awkward
B) negotiate for a better salary
C) behave in a feminine manner
D) mention having friends in high status positions

Question 37

Wilson and colleagues (2017) showed people 108 different facial images of gay and straight Black and White men, finding that which of the following groups scored the highest on leadership ability?

A) gay white men
B) straight Black men
C) gay Black men
D) elderly Black men

Question 38

Sully is studying the effects of gender bias in perceptions of managerial competence. She manipulates the amount of qualifications present on resumes as well as the gender of the resumes owner. She then has participants evaluate the resumes in terms of managerial competence, finding that the resumes belonging to women require a higher number of qualifications to be judged as equally competent as the resumes belonging to men. This finding would most closely support which of the following biases?

A) the maternal wall
B) the tight rope bias
C) the prove it again bias
D) the tug-of-war bias

Question 39

Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE about the gender wage gap?

A) Various gender biases do not contribute to it.
B) Choices that contribute to the gap are also influenced by gender norms.
C) When controlling for variables reflecting personal choice, the wage gap goes away.
D) Salary negotiation is the only personal choice variable that contributes to it.

Question 40

On average, which of the following social groups will likely be stereotyped as the most feminine?

A) White women
B) Asian women
C) Black women
D) gay men

Question 41

On average, women earn less than men in every country around the world.

Question 42

Women don't report divisions of domestic work to be unfair until they do more than about 66% of it.

Question 43

______ refer(s) to instances when having a fulfilling, rewarding job produces positive spillover into the home and having a satisfying home life causes positive spillover into work.

A) Work-family balance
B) Work life and enrichment
C) Learned industriousness
D) Flow states

Question 44

When asked about their intentions to use flexible work arrangements men report valuing workplace flexibility ______ women and anticipate actually using flexible work arrangements ______ women.

A) the same as; less than
B) less than; less than
C) more than; less than
D) the same as; more than

Question 45

Evidence indicates that since 1960 women and men have double and tripled the hours per week they spend on childcare, respectively.

Question 46

A gender wage gap no longer exists in the majority of first world countries

Question 47

The gender wage gap only exists in male-dominated occupations.

Question 48

The Results-Only Work Environment (ROWE) developed by Cali Ressler and Jody Thompson at Best Buy is an intervention designed to increase ______.

A) work flexibility
B) workplace diversity
C) the glass ceiling
D) overtime work

Question 49

Which of the following describes one of the key findings of Allen and colleagues' (2014) study of paid leave policies across 12 industrialized nations.

A) having paid parental leave had little association with work-family conflict
B) paid sick leave did not correlate with work-family conflict
C) paid sick leave predicted increase work-family conflict
D) paid parental leave predicted significantly less work-family conflict

Question 50

More balanced divisions of housework shares no relationship with positive outcomes for women, such as mental health.

Question 51

Having more women in top executive positions correlates with better financial outcomes in countries around the world.

Question 52

Longitudinal studies across nations have revealed that more generous paid parental leave programs predict each of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) rates of teenage pregnancy
B) a reduced likelihood of infant death
C) lower high school dropout rates
D) higher earnings by age 30 among children of working parents

Question 53

One problem with the scarcity hypothesis's application to understanding worklife balance is that it suggests ______.

A) working outside the home will necessarily lead to declines in parenting abilities
B) that as women enter the workplace men's jobs will suffer
C) working outside the home will necessarily lead to increased life satisfaction
D) women will resent men for taking on their caretaking roles

Question 54

Over half of transgender individuals report experiencing at least one type of bias or discrimination in the workplace

Question 55

Vandello and colleagues (2013) found that college men report being less likely to take advantage of flexible work arrangements because ______.

A) they feel like it is irresponsible
B) of fear of being perceived as less masculine
C) they don't want to communicate a poor work ethic
D) they find consistent work schedules easier to maintain

Question 56

People who take advantage of flexible work arrangements are often perceived as ______.

A) more dedicated to their job
B) less likely to be promoted
C) less likely to leave their job
D) less likable

Question 57

A longitudinal study in Germany found that new couples begin by sharing housework duties evenly, but husbands gradually decrease their share of household work over the next 14 years even if the wife makes more money and works longer hours.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of flexible work arrangements?

A) increased productivity
B) increased job satisfaction
C) lower absenteeism
D) increased work-life conflict

Question 59

Perceiving more work-family conflict is associated with ______ for both men and women.

A) negative mental and physical health outcomes
B) the increased presence of women in the workplace
C) decreased likelihoods of having children
D) relational independence

Question 60

Same-sex couples tend to share household responsibilities more equally than heterosexual couples.

Question 61

Briefly explain how divisions of labor among married couples may contribute to a stall the gender revolution.

Question 62

Research across industrialized nations reveals mixed evidence for the impact of paid parental leave upon work-life balance.

Question 63

Briefly describe what longitudinal studies have revealed about how parental leave relates to both work-family conflict and outcomes for children.

Question 64

Explain how time availability theory and the relative income hypothesis explain how couples decide to divide housework. What are the limitations for each of these theories? Describe how gender role ideologies explain these divisions of labor and how they address the limitations of time availability theory and the relative income hypothesis.

Question 65

Explain the difference between a glass ceiling and a glass cliff effect?

Question 66

Men who have children work 50+ hour weeks more frequently than men without children.

Question 67

Describe the kind of sex differences, if any, revealed by meta-analyses in leader effectiveness.

Question 68

How do the leadership styles typically adopted by women differ from those typically adopted by men?

Question 69

When women enter previously male-dominated fields in large numbers, the pay for those fields tends to increase.

Question 70

In what way may gender roles sometimes produce bias against men in the workplace?

Question 71

Choose three, non-discrimination explanations of the gender wage gap. Describe the extent to which each helps to explain the wage gap, the evidence in favor of each, and its limitations.

Question 72

Describe the four pervasive gender biases in the workplace identified by Joan Williams and Rachel Dempsey (2014), explaining how they may inhibit to women's progress in the workplace. Detail two research studies that provide evidence for two of these biases.

Question 73

Describe how women and men typically divide household labor. What kind of household tasks are most typically performed by men in which are more typically performed by women?

Question 74

Men tend to experience higher levels of work-family enrichment than women do.

Question 75

Men report greater reluctance to move for a better job in a different city than women do.