Deck 1: Introducing Sex and Gender

Question 1

To address the ambiguity of biological and social causes of sex differences, Alice Eagly (2013) suggests using "sex" to refer to ______ and "gender" to ______.

A) groups of people; the meanings given to different sex categories
B) culturally constructed differences; biological differences
C) biological categories; social meaning given to those categories
D) a chosen social identity; a category given to you at birth

Answer 1

groups of people; the meanings given to different sex categories

Question 2

For transgender individuals there exists ______

A) no sense of belonging to any category of sex
B) a mismatch between the sex they are assigned at birth and their psychological gender
C) a match between the sex they are assigned birth and gender to which they feel they belong
D) a sense of belonging to both categories of sex

Answer 2

a mismatch between the sex they are assigned at birth and their psychological gender

Question 3

______ refers to an individuals' psychological experience of their gender.

A) Sex
B) Gender identity
C) Sexual identity
D) Gender orientation

Answer 3

Gender identity

Question 4

Sociologist Patricia Collins (2000) argues that a matrix represents the best way to think about the social organization of intersecting identities. Which of the following most accurately describes what she means by this?

A) Every individual occupies multiple social groups with various levels of privilege and oppression.
B) Individuals can be sorted into dichotomous groups of low and high status.
C) Multiple types of experiences can be organized under a single identity.
D) Different identities are salient at different times, affecting the influence of group stereotypes.

Question 5

Which of the following do sex binaries NOT accomplish?

A) communicating the variety in the biological components of sex
B) simplifying social interactions
C) organizing labor divisions
D) maintaining order in social institutions

Question 6

Some social understandings of sex and gender show a great deal of cultural variability, such as ______.

A) the tendency to view women as more warm, moral, and appearance oriented
B) the acceptance of patriarchal versus matriarchal societies
C) stereotypes of men as more physically aggressive
D) the acceptability of third sex/gender options

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE according to Janet Spence's Multifactorial Theory of Gender Identity?

A) The variety of roles, traits, and attitudes that shape gender identity are independent/uncorrelated.
B) There are a narrow set of different ways gender attributes group together.
C) Most people struggle to develop a basic sense of belongingness to their biological sex.
D) It is common to discount gender typical traits and emphasize gender atypical traits.

Question 8

Strict sex and gender binaries are ______.

A) observed in all cultures across the world
B) oversimplified categorical structures people impose on society
C) reflections of the simple biological facts of sex
D) necessary to maintain social order

Question 9

Which of the following BEST represents an intersectional perspective?

A) studying how women are affected by sexism
B) examining power differences between ethnic groups
C) comparing oppression across multiple minority groups
D) researching how Black women face multiple forms of discrimination

Question 10

People who do not feel a sense of belonging to any category of sex are referred to as ______.

A) cisgender
B) transgender
C) agender
D) pangender

Question 11

Researchers have found that testosterone ______.

A) is stable and generally insensitive to social events
B) increases during competition but only for men
C) decreases when women perform masculine behaviors
D) decreases when men perform feminine behaviors

Question 12

Using "sex" to refer to biological differences between men and women and "gender" to refer to the culturally constructed differences is problematic for which of the following reasons?

A) Biology has too small of an influence to warrant its own term.
B) It overemphasizes the role of socialization and cultural forces.
C) It is difficult to pinpoint the precise influence of biology and culture in sex differences.
D) The terms sex and gender fail to account for issues related to intersectionality.

Question 13

The study of gender psychology first gained traction ______.

A) in 1879 when William Wundt founded the first psychology lab
B) during the Women's suffrage movement of the early 1900s
C) in response to large numbers of women entering the workforce during World War II
D) during the second wave of the women's movement in the 1970s

Question 14

Which of the following terms refers to possessing high levels of both masculine and feminine traits?

A) genderqueer
B) genderfluid
C) pansexual
D) androgynous

Question 15

Which of the following is most characteristic of a person who is gender fluid?

A) shifting among female, male, and third gender identities
B) unusual fluctuations in hormones associated with masculine and feminine behavior
C) changes in which gender they feel sexually attracted to
D) never having any clear gender identity at any given time

Question 16

Categories such as heterosexual, gay, and lesbian refer to ______ whereas categories such as cisgender, transgender, and genderqueer refer to ______.

A) sex; gender
B) biological identities; cultural identities
C) sexual orientation; gender identities
D) group identities; individual identities

Question 17

Intersexuality refers to instances where ______.

A) gender identity transcends multiple sex categories
B) people feel sexual attraction to others regardless of their gender identity
C) biological components of sex do not fit the typical male/female pattern
D) there is a mismatch between anatomical and psychological gender

Question 18

Around what percent of infants are born with some form of intersexuality?

A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 20%

Question 19

Research shows that differences in physical aggression between men and women are ______.

A) due to hormonal differences, such as higher levels of testosterone in men
B) primarily caused by differences in brain structure arising from the presence of androgen during fetal development
C) caused by men being socialized to be risky and to direct negative emotion outward
D) most likely caused by some mixture of biological and social factors

Question 20

Rhoda Unger (1979) argued for using "sex" to refer to the ______ aspects of being female or male while "gender" should be used when discussing the ______ aspects.

A) culturally constructed; biological
B) hormonal; culturally constructed
C) biological; culturally constructed
D) anatomical; hormonal

Question 21

Which is FALSE regarding the role sex and gender have played in historically shaping societies?

A) In most human societies, men as a group rule and control how it operates.
B) There is evidence of several matriarchal societies in human history.
C) Many societies trace family history through the mothers' rather than the fathers' line.
D) There are many societies that are both matrilineal and patriarchal.

Question 22

James Wilkie and Galen Bodenhausen (2012) discovered a tendency to perceive the number 1 as more masculine than the 2. Which best describes their interpretation of this finding?

A) The number 1 is more phallic.
B) The number 1 represents a solitary, autonomous entity.
C) The number 1 is associated with finishing in first place.
D) The curvatures in the number 2 prompt perceptions of femininity.

Question 23

Men's movements have typically ______.

A) focused on promoting men's authority and denouncing same sex relationships
B) been grounded in Christianity
C) been pro-feminist
D) taken a variety of forms

Question 24

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the history of the women's movement?

A) It began in 1848 at the first women's rights convention in New York.
B) There are still a handful of nations that deny women voting rights.
C) The third wave of the women's movement focused on intersectionality.
D) Betty Friedan's term "the problem that has no name" refers to the dissatisfaction of middle-class women in the 50s and 60s.

Question 25

A key theme in the third wave of the women's movement is ______.

A) a rejection of the idea that all women experience a common oppression
B) further inclusivity, extending to concern over men's issues
C) a move towards collecting more qualitative data that better captures the experiences of women
D) a focus on women living in the rural south

Question 26

One research study by Case et al. (2014) found that exposing participants to videotaped discussions of male and heterosexual privilege had what effect?

A) prompted men to become more defensive and less open to notions of male privilege
B) caused women and sexual minorities to become even more aware of group based privilege but had no effect upon men
C) unconsciously made men less likely to employ automatic stereotypes
D) reduced sexist attitudes and increases motivation to avoid prejudice

Question 27

People tend to stereotype feminists as ______.

A) sad and depressed
B) empathetic if male
C) tolerant and inclusive
D) radical and uncooperative

Question 28

According to Social Dominance Theory, group-based social hierarchies emerge from ______.

A) fair and legitimate systems of social reward
B) certain groups being more fit to survive in their environment
C) personalities of specific groups inherently desiring more status
D) systems of discrimination that operate on the individual, interpersonal, and institutional level

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE of the history of acceptance of nonbinary categories of sex and gender in Western cultures?

A) New York City issued the first intersex birth certificate in the United States in 2016.
B) In Western cultures, people who are born intersex are typically assigned to a third gender category.
C) Australia remains the only developed nation to recognize a third gender option.
D) Western cultures have historically been more open to nonbinary gender options than non-Western cultures.

Question 30

The belief that women have more nurturing qualities that are better suited towards mothering roles is an example of ______.

A) hegemonic masculinity
B) a legitimizing myth
C) group-based privilege
D) equitable gender roles

Question 31

Group based privilege refers to ______.

A) group status earned legitimately
B) social efforts to increase opportunities for marginalized groups
C) advantage that stems from favorable personality traits
D) automatic, unearned advantage that accompanies certain groups

Question 32

Men and masculinity scholars have developed new theories often focusing on ______.

A) how men are strategic oppressors of women in society
B) the biological differences between men and women
C) the destructive aspects of the traditional male gender role for men's health
D) how men are more disadvantaged than women in society

Question 33

A local school initiates a school lunch program that provides financial assistance to students based upon need, with poorer students receiving more financial assistance. The structure of this policy represents principles of ______?

A) redistribution
B) intersectionality
C) equity
D) equality

Question 34

Sex and gender are ______ or mental frameworks through which people process their social worlds.

A) schemas
B) scripts
C) stereotypes
D) prejudices

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways mentioned for feminisms to remain viable and healthy?

A) increase efforts to attract supporters and reduce people's aversion to identify as feminists
B) be more inclusive of nonbinary and transgender individuals
C) endorse more traditional and commonplace conceptions of femininity
D) remain flexible and open to the updated needs of younger generations

Question 36

Equality refers to treating everyone ______ while equity refers to treating everyone ______.

A) the same; differently based on group needs and disadvantages
B) differently based on group needs and disadvantages; so that they all have the same outcome
C) so that they all have the same outcome; so that they all have the same opportunities
D) so that they all have the same outcome; the same

Question 37

Which group would be least likely to recognize the influence of sex and gender in daily life?

A) cisgender men
B) Black women
C) people who are genderqueer
D) transgender men

Question 38

Which of the following is FALSE of feminism?

A) Young people are often reluctant to identify as feminist despite espousing its core beliefs.
B) A number of different feminist identities have emerged throughout the women's movements.
C) Early waves of feminism focused strongly on intersectionality.
D) It's core goal is social, political, and economic equality among men and women.

Question 39

Which of the following fits with sociologist Judith Lorber's (1994) suggestions for combating dominant gender norms?

A) campaigns to ask female actors more substantive questions rather than focusing on looks and sexuality
B) efforts to increase diversity in science and technology fields
C) spending less time interviewing male athletes
D) attempts to rebrand feminism in order to avoid negative stereotypes

Question 40

Which of the following have researchers studying gender and culture NOT found?

A) People associate books more with men and film more with women.
B) Across culture certain foods, such as red meat, are considered more masculine.
C) The number 1 is considered more masculine than the number 2.
D) People in the United States tend to associate blue with boys.

Question 41

______ tend to examine the roles of sex and gender in the development of human societies across cultures and time.

A) Psychologists
B) Sociologists
C) Anthropologists
D) Historians

Question 42

According to Social Dominance Theory, legitimizing myths function to exaggerate the disadvantage of subordinate groups.

Question 43

Until recently there has been no record of cultures recognizing more than two sexes and genders.

Question 44

It is easiest for members of high status groups (e.g., White men) to see the privileges of their own group status.

Question 45

More current conceptualizations of gender include a wider range of possible gender identities.

Question 46

Widespread beliefs that the underprivileged are "poor but happy" would be an example of a legitimizing myth.

Question 47

According to Carol Wade (2008), critical thinking consists of several mental practices including all the following EXCEPT ______.

A) avoiding emotional reasoning
B) considering other ways of interpreting the findings
C) looking for information that confirms your prior beliefs
D) evaluating underlying assumptions

Question 48

______ tend to examine how sex and gender norms shape individual thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

A) Psychologists
B) Sociologists
C) Anthropologists
D) Epidemiologists

Question 49

The final country to give women the right to vote was Saudi Arabia in 2015.

Question 50

Which is TRUE of a mixed method approach to research?

A) the use of qualitative over quantitative data
B) an increased focus on social phenomenon
C) the incorporation of multiple worldviews in understanding a topic
D) it's been shown to have higher replication rates

Question 51

Which of the following characterizes each of the movements discussed in Chapter 1?

A) Each has progressed from a broad set of goals to a narrower focus.
B) A common pattern is the push for greater inclusivity.
C) The radicalization of the ideologies represented.
D) All have ignored the perspective of majority and high status groups.

Question 52

______ tend to examine how sex and gender are constructed within specific social and historical contexts.

A) Psychologists
B) Sociologists
C) Anthropologists
D) Historians

Question 53

Researchers have found that therapies attempting to change sexual orientation are ______.

A) neither safe nor effective
B) psychologically harmless but not effective
C) effective at changing sexual orientation but at a great psychological toll
D) effective and safe

Question 54

What event was key in prompting the American psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from its classification as a psychological disorder from the DSM-II?

A) political pressure from left-wing senators
B) the discovery of a "gay gene," the presence of which predicted sexual orientation with incredible accuracy
C) a study showing no differences in psychological adjustment between heterosexual and gay participants
D) the acceleration of the gay rights movement during the 1980s

Question 55

Gender dysphoria refers to ______.

A) the condition of being transgender
B) distress arising from a conflict between gender identity and gender assigned by others
C) having multiple gender identities that are salient at different times
D) having no sense of gender identity whatsoever

Question 56

Hormonal differences between men and women are stable and insensitive to social events.

Question 57

The influence of gender in our everyday lives is often subtle and outside of awareness.

Question 58

Psychological androgyny refers to the possession of high levels of both masculine and feminine attributes.

Question 59

One of the main points of intersectionality is to recognize women as a uniform group.

Question 60

Psychologists generally conduct their work at the ______ level.

A) individual
B) cross-cultural
C) societal
D) cross-historical

Question 61

What scientific finding prompted the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from its classification as a psychological disorder?

Question 62

Currently, the American Psychiatric Association only diagnoses people with gender dysphoria if they experience clinical levels of distress.

Question 63

A study examining how cultural views towards the role of women in the workplace have changed over time at the societal level is most in line with the sociological perspective.

Question 64

How do Alice Eagly (2013), as well as the textbook, suggests using the term sex and gender?

Question 65

Social dominance theory posits that society consists of hierarchical social structures containing dominant and subordinate groups. Explain what is meant by dominant and subordinate groups while providing examples of each in Western culture.

Question 66

Men's movements have typically been grounded in religion and traditional values.

Question 67

Briefly describe the social issues that were at the forefront of each of the three waves of the women's movement.

Question 68

Briefly explain the differences in gender identity across cisgender, transgender, and agender individuals.

Question 69

Pick three of the disciplines involved in the study of sex and gender. Briefly explain the perspectives and levels of analysis for the three you select and provide an example of the types of research people from this discipline may conduct.

Question 70

A key component of critical thinking is to ask yourself, "How can I make this new information consistent with my pre-existing beliefs?"

Question 71

Explain the distinction between equality and equity?

Question 72

Describe two reasons why it may be problematic to use the term sex to refer to the biological aspects of being male or female and gender to refer to the culturally constructed aspects.

Question 73

Describe three challenges feminism faces towards accomplishing its goals.

Question 74

Based on the comments of sociologist Judith Lorber (1994), describe two strategies for making sex and gender more visible along with examples of each.

Question 75

Since the earliest waves of women's movements, feminism has included considerations for factors such as race and class.