Deck 13: Restoration Ecology

Question 1

The first step in most restoration efforts is to remove the cause of degradation or habitat loss.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The attempt to rebuild a community into a functioning system which may differ from the original condition is known as

A) restoration.
B) rehabilitation.
C) reclamation.
D) repair.

Answer 2

rehabilitation.

Question 3

________________ uses chemical, physical, or biological methods to remove pollution.

A) Remediation
B) Reclamation
C) Mitigation
D) Restoration
E) Rehabilitation

Answer 3

Remediation

Question 4

Important tools in prairie restoration include

A) fire.
B) volcanic eruptions.
C) bison.
D) fire and bison.

Question 5

A significant dilemma facing restoration ecologists is deciding the earlier condition to which a site should be restored.

Question 6

In China, reforestation projects have been undertaken to

A) halt encroachment of the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts.
B) replant the rainforest in southern China.
C) return the buffalo to the North China Plain.
D) diminish water pollution in the Yangze River.

Question 7

Restoration draws on which of the following fields of science the most?

A) Ecology
B) Hydrology
C) Soil science
D) Ecology and hydrology
E) All of these are correct

Question 8

The first step in ecological restoration is to

A) reintroduce rare species.
B) relocate human populations.
C) stop whatever is causing the damage.
D) fix water quality.

Question 9

Maintaining healthy savannahs is largely dependent upon

A) frequency of fires.
B) tornadoes.
C) frequency of hurricanes.
D) thinning of dense stands of oak trees.

Question 10

The hydrology of the Florida Everglades has been severely altered in order to

A) control flood waters.
B) drain land for agriculture.
C) reduce shorebird populations.
D) control flood waters and drain land for agriculture.

Question 11

Reclamation refers to the cleansing and repair of degraded sites via physical or chemical means.

Question 12

Native American people frequently set fire to the prairie in order to provide for hunting grounds and ease of travel.

Question 13

Which of the following would NOT be included in wetland restoration?

A) Salinity control
B) Reestablishing plant and animal diversity
C) Weed removal
D) Reestablishing hydrologic connections
E) Selective cutting

Question 14

Efforts to repair or reconstruct ecosystems are known as

A) Land stewardship
B) Conservation reserve programs
C) Landscape ecology
D) Restoration ecology
E) Mitigation

Question 15

Radioactive materials can be eliminated from the environment using certain types of plants, such as sunflowers.

Question 16

Which of the following is often all that is needed for wetland restoration?

A) To dredge new canals
B) To restore the water supply
C) To establish a fire program
D) To stop harvesting organisms

Question 17

It often takes constant surveillance to remove exotic species.

Question 18

The word "mitigation" has come to mean to

A) Let nature heal itself
B) Partially restore an ecosystem
C) Restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar, damaged one
D) Move to a new environment when one has been damaged
E) Use natural processes to treat sewage water

Question 19

Much of the Great Plains has a declining human population, due largely to

A) the scarcity of open space.
B) economic factors.
C) free ranging buffalo.
D) conversion of grasslands to agriculture.

Question 20

Bioremediation refers to

A) attempts to increase the number of species in a polluted area.
B) use of organisms to treat or clean up the environment.
C) changes in vegetation brought about by invasive species.

Question 21

Some of the advantages of planting trees in cities are that they

A) Act as noise barriers
B) Provide shade
C) Improve air quality
D) Improve the aesthetics
E) All of these are correct

Question 22

Wetlands are critical for wildlife survival because they

A) Are highly productive and are sources of food
B) Allow animals to cool off
C) Contain few, but rare, species
D) Provide vast amounts of habitat
E) All of these are correct

Question 23

Wetlands control flooding by

A) Temporarily storing water
B) Diverting water to other drainage basins
C) Evaporating most of the water
D) Helping rain flow faster into rivers
E) All of these methods

Question 24

The majority of the mixed grass section of the Great Plains has been converted to

A) Oak savanna
B) Tallgrass prairie
C) Crop lands
D) Grazing lands
E) Wetlands

Question 25

Brandon noticed that next to a construction site of a new shopping mall there was a new man-made pond. This artificial wetland/pond was constructed to _________.

A) collect polluted storm water run-off from the parking lot in order to prevent it from getting into the natural streams and rivers.
B) flood control and nothing else
C) to make a habitat for Canadian geese
D) to make the shopping area look more visually appealing

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a main component of restoration of any ecosystem?

A) Replanting
B) Monitoring
C) Controlling invasive species
D) Removing physical stressors
E) Removal of indigenous peoples

Question 27

The restoration of an ecosystem that involves allowing invasive species to thrive in order to contribute to the ecological series in a damaged environment is called _________.

A) an incomplete ecosystem
B) a mixed ecosystem
C) a non-native ecosystem
D) a novel ecosystem

Question 28

Creating a new wetland where one has been destroyed is referred to as

A) wetland rehabilitation
B) wetland restoration
C) wetland mitigation
D) wetland reclamation
E) bioremediation

Question 29

In the United States, most reforestation projects result in

A) Huge amounts of biomass, which is then burned to produce energy
B) Large old-growth forests
C) Monoculture forests
D) Small deciduous forests with a large variety of tree types
E) None of these is correct

Question 30

The first nationwide restoration project in Africa is now taking place in

A) Rwanda
B) Uganda
C) Kenya
D) South Africa
E) Nairobi

Question 31

A buffalo commons is an area where

A) Bison and other native wildlife can roam freely
B) Bison are raised and sold for slaughter
C) Cattle and bison can graze together
D) Bison currently graze, but their habitat is shrinking due to development
E) Bison move from one wildlife preserve to another through a narrow strip of preserved land

Question 32

Artificial wetlands can be used for

A) Filtering and treating sewage effluent
B) Cooling of industrial water
C) Recreation
D) Collecting storm runoff
E) All of these are correct

Question 33

The first wildlife refuge established in the United States was

A) Pelican Island
B) Arctic National
C) Yellowstone
D) Rocky Flats
E) Baskett Slough

Question 34

A pioneer in restoration ecology who planted as many as 6,000 trees every year was

A) Gifford Pinchot
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Eli Whitney
D) Aldo Leopold
E) John Wesley Powell

Question 35

One of the reasons that it is difficult to restore an oak savanna is that

A) Too many weedy species take over the oak saplings
B) There are no natural fires to control vegetation due to human development of the areas
C) Too many trees are cut down illegally for their timber value
D) Too many wild animals destroy the bark of the trees
E) There is not enough suitable land remaining

Question 36

The restoration of Nonsuch Island in Bermuda has been very successful, particularly in preserving the

A) Pine martin
B) Bermuda cahow
C) Bermuda cedar
D) Forest lynx
E) Long-tailed tropic bird

Question 37

The predominant tree species in an oak savanna is the

A) Live oak
B) Bur oak
C) White oak
D) Red oak
E) All of these are equally common in an oak savanna

Question 38

All of the following are things that can be done toward ecological restoration except

A) Pick up litter
B) Replant native species
C) Remove invasive species
D) Grow a garden
E) Burn unwanted vegetation

Question 39

Protection of our forests depends on all of the following, except

A) Allowing natural fires to burn
B) Removal of dense undergrowth
C) Using prescribed fires where necessary
D) Cutting down the largest trees in fire-prone areas
E) None of these is correct

Question 40

Problems encountered in the Florida Everglades due to modification of the natural flow of water include

A) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park
B) Water shortages in many cities during the dry season
C) Increased number of hurricanes
D) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park and water shortages in many cities during the dry season
E) All of these are correct

Question 41

Using intense physical or chemical methods to clear and repair severely degraded or barren sites is called _________.

A) reclamation
B) resurgence
C) restoration
D) system reparation

Question 42

Bioremediation is a restoration strategy that

A) brings in different species to see which ones will thrive best in a polluted area
B) uses living organisms such as plants and bacteria to eliminate toxins from the ecosystem
C) determines that a contaminated site is healthy because one species can thrive on it
D) is a labor-intensive process where contaminated soil must be removed and replaced before plants and animals can grow

Question 43

The most influential American forester was Aldo Leopold.

Question 44

The majority of coastal wetland loss in the United States is due to

A) Loss of estuaries in the northeast
B) Levees that guide the Mississippi River out into the Gulf of Mexico
C) Evaporation due to global warming
D) Development
E) Draining and filling to provide storm barricades

Question 45

The former Berkely mine pit in Butte, Montana is now a 300 m-deep lake with a pH of

A) 2.5
B) 4.0
C) 5.5
D) 7.0
E) 9.7

Question 46

To use a site to create a new and different kind of biological community rather than the existing one is known as reallocation.

Question 47

"Brown fields" is another name for

A) Tallgrass prairies
B) Degraded wetlands
C) Prairies converted into croplands
D) Abandoned, contaminated industrial sites
E) Abandoned, contaminated surface mines

Question 48

From the 1950s to the 1970s, approximately 500,000 acres of wetlands were lost per year.

Question 49

Radioactive materials have been successfully removed from the soil near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant using

A) Sunflowers
B) Poplar trees
C) Expensive soil removal and extraction methods
D) Mustard greens
E) None of these as there is no way to remove radioactive materials safely from soil

Question 50

Stabilizing banks is an important component of stream restoration. Which of the following is NOT a method of bank stabilization?

A) Using mulch
B) Using rocks
C) Supporting with rock walls
D) Supporting with tree trunks
E) Adding soil so that the slope is at least 45 degrees

Question 51

Describe at least three methods that may be used in restoring streams. What is the main purpose of each method? List the benefits associated with each of these techniques.

Question 52

The American Forestry Association suggests that each person plant one tree per year in order to compensate for tree loss in urban areas.

Question 53

In Vermont, most of the land is currently being used for sheep farming.

Question 54

Stream restoration techniques include all of the following except

A) Using small amounts of dynamite to unclog waterways
B) Creating fish habitat
C) Planting ground cover on uplands to reduce erosion
D) Placing dams in streams to deflect current away from the banks
E) Narrowing a stream to increase its speed

Question 55

Compare and contrast the two methods that are currently being used to preserve shortgrass prairies in Montana.

Question 56

Restoring coastal marshes has become a priority in protecting coastal cities from

A) Hurricanes
B) Flooding
C) Invasive species
D) Both hurricanes and flooding
E) All of these