Deck 4: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Question 1

A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular:

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) magnesium.
D) calcium.

Answer 1

calcium.

Question 2

A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C.If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo:

A) pathologic hyperplasia.
B) pathologic metaplasia.
C) compensatory hyperplasia.
D) compensatory aplasia.

Answer 2

compensatory hyperplasia.

Question 3

A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion.The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:

A) malnutrition.
B) free radicals.
C) ischemia.
D) chemical toxicity.

Answer 3

ischemia.

Question 4

A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance.Examination of his airway (bronchial)reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells.This type of cellular adaptation is called:

A) anaplasia.
B) hyperplasia.
C) metaplasia.
D) dysplasia.

Question 5

During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as what type of atrophy?

A) Physiologic
B) Pathologic
C) Disuse
D) Neurogenic

Question 6

A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding.The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances.These cellular changes would be referred to as:

A) dysplasia.
B) pathologic dysplasia.
C) hyperplasia.
D) pathologic hyperplasia.

Question 7

A 40-year-old female's Pap smear indicates abnormal changes in the shape and organization of cervical cells.Which term would be used to identify this type of change?

A) Metaplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Hypertrophy
D) Dysplasia

Question 8

A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet.Which of the following aided in the development of swelling?

A) Increased ATP
B) Chloride movement out of the cell
C) Na+ movement into the cell
D) Decreased oncotic pressure

Question 9

A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles.What term would the nurse use to define this process?

A) Adaptation
B) Calcification
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis

Question 10

A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia.Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurs as a result of:

A) oxidation stress.
B) vacuolation.
C) decreased intracellular calcium.
D) lipid acceptor proteins.

Question 11

A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault.She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising.X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage.Which of the following most likely caused her injuries?

A) Chemical asphyxiation
B) Choking asphyxiation
C) Ligature strangulation
D) Manual strangulation

Question 12

A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head.The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments.This wound would be documented as a(n):

A) exit.
B) intermediate range entrance.
C) contact range entrance.
D) indeterminate range entrance.

Question 13

The early dilation (swelling)of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in:

A) increased aerobic metabolism.
B) failure of DNA.
C) reduced protein synthesis.
D) increased Na⁺-K⁺ pump function.

Question 14

A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident.CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain.Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?

A) Subdural hematoma
B) Epidural hematoma
C) Contusion
D) Abrasion

Question 15

When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an:

A) increase in size.
B) decrease in length.
C) increase in excitability.
D) decrease in number.

Question 16

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:

A) decreased ATP production.
B) karyorrhexis.
C) ribosome detachment.
D) dehydration.

Question 17

A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred.A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:

A) number.
B) size.
C) vacuoles.
D) lipofuscin.

Question 18

A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer than it is deep.Which type of wound will the nurse be caring for?

A) Stab wound
B) Incised wound
C) Puncture wound
D) Chopping wound

Question 19

When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:

A) compensatory hyperplasia.
B) hormonal hyperplasia.
C) hormonal anaplasia.
D) compensatory anaplasia.

Question 20

A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, and vomiting.Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms?

A) Lead exposure
B) Carbon monoxide poisoning
C) Ethanol exposure
D) Mercury poisoning

Question 21

A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance.Which finding will support this diagnosis?

A) Increased melanin
B) Increased hemoproteins
C) Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)
D) Inability to convert bile to bilirubin

Question 22

A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate.On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese).Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Autonecrosis

Question 23

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma.Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction.Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient's body?

A) Glycogen
B) Protein
C) Pigment
D) Melanin

Question 24

When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of:

A) livor mortis.
B) gangrene.
C) algor mortis.
D) rigor mortis.

Question 25

A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatitis C.Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to:

A) fat necrosis.
B) physiologic apoptosis.
C) infection-induced apoptosis.
D) pyknosis.

Question 26

When a nurse is checking a urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of:

A) slight glucose.
B) excessive protein.
C) blood.
D) urea.

Question 27

Confirmation of somatic death is based on:

A) presence of algor mortis.
B) presence of livor mortis.
C) complete cessation of respiration and circulation.
D) change in skin color to pale yellow.

Question 28

Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because:

A) debris is not digested by hydrolases.
B) of protein denaturation.
C) it is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
D) ischemia results in chemical injury.

Question 29

An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disease, and death.The nurse knows this patient is experiencing:

A) frailty.
B) sarcopenia.
C) somatic death.
D) cellular aging.

Question 30

A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight.When the aide asks the nurse why this occurred, the nurse's best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of:

A) transferrin.
B) bilirubin.
C) albumin.
D) hemosiderin.

Question 31

A 2-year-old swallowed watch batteries.Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail.Which of the following was the most likely cause?

A) Karyorrhexis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Ammonia accumulation
D) Caseous necrosis

Question 32

A patient has been reading on the Internet that light to moderate intake of alcohol is cardioprotective.When the patient asks the nurse what this means, the nurse should respond that the heart is protected by which of the following mechanisms? (select all that apply)

A) Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
B) Prevention of clot formation
C) Reduction in platelet aggregation
D) Decrease in blood pressure
E) Increased collateral circulation
F) Decreased folate absorption

Question 33

A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later.Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes.Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?

A) Fat necrosis
B) Wet gangrene
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Gas gangrene

Question 34

What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases?

A) It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
B) It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
C) Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.
D) Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span.

Question 35

After ingestion of lead, what organ systems should the nurse monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead? (select all that apply)

A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Kidneys
E) Brain
F) Hematopoietic

Question 36

While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis.The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:

A) atrophy.
B) die.
C) regenerate.
D) age.