Deck 14: Agriculture and Food Resources

Question 1

Shifting cultivation is a type of subsistence agriculture in which shirt period of cultivation are followed by longer periods in which the land is left uncultivated.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All of these factors contribute to the food shortages in Developing countries except

A)rising temperatures.
B)increased mortality of infants and children.
C)low rate of land ownership.
D)droughts and floods.
E)poverty.

Answer 2

increased mortality of infants and children.

Question 3

The recent trend of U.S. prime farmland has been

A)a loss of 160,000 hectares per year.
B)a loss of 400,000 hectares per year.
C)a gain of 160,000 hectares per year.
D)a gain of 400,000 hectares per year.
E)a consistent acreage of productive agricultural land.

Answer 3

a loss of 160,000 hectares per year.

Question 4

. ___________ often arises from diets that are high in saturated animal fats, sugars, and salts.

Question 5

All of the following are similarities between undernutrition and overnutrition except

A)both are a type of malnutrition.
B)both involve lack of access to sufficient daily calories.
C)both leave the body susceptible to disease.
D)both can affect young or old individuals.
E)both are ailments that can be found in developing countries.

Question 6

_______ is the amount of food produced per unit of land.

Question 7

What two regions of the world have the greatest food insecurity?

A)Haiti and Brazil
B)Central America and Iran
C)Thailand and China
D)Central America and Brazil
E)sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand

Question 8

Which of the following types of agriculture is correctly matched with the agricultural practice?

A)industrialized : polyculture
B)industrialized : shifting cultivation
C)subsistence : slash-and-burn
D)industrial; nomadic herding
E)industrialized : intercropping

Question 9

Industrialized agriculture in highly developed countries requires

A)very little capital input because it relies on solar energy and precipitation.
B)no inorganic fertilizers or pesticides.
C)small inputs of energy from fossil fuels that produce very high crop yields.
D)a large amount of land and large inputs of energy from humans and animals.
E)large capital inputs, purchase seed, and less manual labor.

Question 10

A type of subsistence agriculture in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow land is called

A)shifting cultivation
B)slash-and-burn agriculture
C)nomadic herding
D)intercropping
E)polyculture

Question 11

Based on the graphs below, what conclusion can you draw concerning human population and world hunger?

A)as the total world grain production increases, world hunger decreases
B)the total grain production varies according to weather conditions, so world hunger is intermittent
C)if the increase in world grain production continues to rise at this rate, world hunger will be eradicated by 2020
D)the increase in world grain production does not change the amount of grain produced per person because the population is also increasing, so hunger persists
E)there is no relationship between the size of the human population and world hunger

Question 12

Many countries are collecting _________ to preserve diverse varieties of plants and animals.

Question 13

The main cause of undernutrition is

A)a shift from eating grains to eating processed foods.
B)lack of access to adequate nutritional guides.
C)poverty.
D)the proliferation of monoculture practices.
E)unsanitary cooking of food.

Question 14

The child in the photo below is suffering from ___.

A)lack of iodine in the diet
B)anorexia nervosa
C)Kwashiorkor
D)Marasmus
E)overnutrition

Question 15

The condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition is ___.

A)food crisis
B)subsistence agriculture
C)famine
D)bioaccumulation
E)food insecurity

Question 16

The white leghorn hen is prolific at egg laying, but not good for meat production and now produces almost all of the eggs in the U.S. This points to a global trend where

A)genetic variety is being expanded through genetic engineering.
B)a single variety of farm animal cannot face extinction through a disease outbreak.
C)animals bred for maximum production are not performing as anticipated.
D)farmers are being subsidized not to keep white leghorn hens.
E)the eggs and sperm of domesticated animal varieties are being banked for preservation.

Question 17

The main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity globally is lack of available food.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the type of agricultural practice seen below?

A)production of enough product for a single family's needs
B)a land intensive form of subsidence agriculture in which livestock is supported by land too arid for successful crop growth
C)harvesting a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously
D)a type of subsistence agriculture that requires large inputs of energy from humans and draft animals
E)a type of industrialized agriculture that requires large inputs of capital and fossil fuel energy inputs

Question 19

An individual who is overnourished

A)has a diet high in cereal grains and low in livestock products.
B)probably lives in a rural area of a developing country
C)will have pronounced muscle tone and accelerated skeletal growth.
D)has a protein deficiency even though adequate calories are consumed.
E)has an increased likelihood of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Question 20

Challenges facing U.S. agriculture include all of the following except

A)decline in prime farmland.
B)decline in numbers of domesticated plant varieties.
C)addressing habitat fragmentation.
D)improving crop and livestock yields.
E)increase in number of domesticated animal varieties.

Question 21

One of the problems associated with the "green revolution" is that

A)not enough food is produced for developing countries.
B)it is confined to highly developed countries.
C)it makes developing countries dependent on high-energy consuming imported technologies.
D)it has been rejected by developing countries due to conflicts with customary practices.
E)technology is not advanced enough to make it cost effective.

Question 22

All of the following are negative environmental impacts of the use of pesticides in industrialized agriculture except

A)production of greenhouse gases from pesticide exposed plants.
B)air pollution from pesticide sprays.
C)soil pollution from pesticide residues.
D)contamination of food supply from pesticide residues.
E)reduction of the number and diversity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil.

Question 23

Industrialized agriculture's increased use of pesticides over the past years is resulting in

A)fewer insects and weeds developing resistance to pesticides.
B)more insects and weeds developing resistance to pesticides.
C)more beneficial microorganisms in the soil
D)more biodiversity of fish and other aquatic organisms not affected by the pesticides.
E)farmers applying progressively smaller quantities of pesticides.

Question 24

According to the graph below, U.S. wheat yields

A)suffered from poor weather conditions in 1980
B)benefited from the green revolution in 2000
C)remained constant from 1990-2005
D)doubled from 1950 to 1970
E)tripled from 1960 to 2005

Question 25

A health concern related to the ingestion of genetically modified foods is

A)vitamin deficiency.
B)food allergies.
C)diabetes.
D)germplasm disease.
E)gene mutation.

Question 26

The natural or human-induced reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops or livestock is

A)sustainable agriculture.
B)the green revolution.
C)a result of intercropping.
D)harvest deprivation.
E)land degradation.

Question 27

All of the following are characteristics of sustainable agriculture except

A)conservation tillage.
B)use of legumes for nitrogen fixation.
C)integrated pest management.
D)slash-and-burn agriculture.
E)use of animal manure for fertilizer.

Question 28

Which of the following methods are currently being used to increase livestock yields?

A)administering antibiotics and hormones
B)increasing nomadic herding
C)establishing outdoor, free roaming farms
D)increasing domesticated animal varieties
E)instituting water-quality laws for livestock factories

Question 29

A potential benefit of genetic engineering is the development of crop plants

A)resistant to viral diseases, drought, heat, or herbicides.
B)with genes that can spread to wild relatives of crop plants.
C)that contain no allergens.
D)that grow in a crop circle.
E)that require sunlight and water to grow.

Question 30

Sustainable agriculture encourages the use of antibiotics to prevent disease.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about sustainable agriculture is false?

A)Sustainable agriculture preserves the quality of soil.
B)Sustainable agriculture and industrialized agriculture are the same thing.
C)Sustainable agriculture includes diversification of crops.
D)Sustainable agriculture requires little fossil fuel derived energy.
E)Sustainable agriculture has minimal long-term environmental impacts.

Question 32

The move away from using techniques that produce high yield and toward methods that focus on long-term sustainability of the soil is known as

A)habitat fragmentation.
B)subsistance agriculture.
C)industrialized agriculture.
D)the green revolution.
E)the second green revolution.

Question 33

In the post-green revolution era, the challenge of increasing crop yields will be met by

A)increasing the amount of land under cultivation.
B)genetically engineering more productive crop varieties.
C)lowering the costs of agricultural chemicals.
D)improving soil quality.
E)using more water for irrigation.

Question 34

What is the green revolution?

A)the storage of germplasm in seed banks
B)development of high-yield crops that require intensive industrial cultivation methods
C)agricultural production that does not use pesticides, irrigation or artificial fertilizers
D)a shift from industrialized agriculture to subsistence-oriented croplands
E)a renovation of agricultural practices to decrease the amount of calories produced per acre

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a genetically modified crop?

A)mangos are irradiated before shipping
B)the most drought tolerant corn plant is singled out of a crop for cloning propagation
C)potatoes that have developed low tolerance to fertilizer after repeated applications
D)tall rice that has been bred with short rice to produce a denser Medium sized rice
E)tomatoes contain a soybean's gene for disease resistance.

Question 36

The majority of GM crops in the United States are regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture.

Question 37

Soybeans, clover, and alfalfa are examples of _________, which along with symbiotic bacteria play an important part in the nitrogen cycle.

Question 38

Which type of pesticide has fewer deleterious environmental effects? Why?

A)narrow-spectrum pesticide because it focuses on killing specific organisms
B)narrow-spectrum pesticide because it stays exactly where it is sprayed
C)broad-spectrum pesticide because it moves around the environment to reach all potential pests
D)broad-spectrum pesticide because insects cannot develop resistance to it
E)neither broad and narrow-spectrum pesticides have deleterious environmental effects

Question 39

Which two crops have been significantly improved by the green revolution?

A)beets and maize
B)sweet potatoes and taro
C)wheat and rice
D)corn and white potatoes
E)barley and bulgur

Question 40

Industrialized agriculture can have negative impacts on the environment through the application of pesticides, salinization, habitat fragmentation, and __________.

Question 41

If pesticide from a farm runs off into Lake Michigan, which organism in the lake's food chain would test highest for the pesticide?

A)macroinvertebrates (shrimp)
B)zooplankton (microscopic animals)
C)phytoplankton (algae)
D)forage fish (perch)
E)fish eaters (birds)

Question 42

What would a narrow-spectrum pesticide kill?

A)its target organism
B)indiscriminate organisms in the vicinity of its spray
C)thin-leaved plants
D)tapered insects such as wasps and ants
E)all organisms in a restricted range

Question 43

________ is an alternative method to the use of pesticides that uses biological controls, pheromones and hormones to control pests.

Question 44

Subsistence agricultural practices are characterized by all of the following attributes except

A)use of manure as fertilizer.
B)use of draft animals for labor source.
C)water and fossil fuel energy conservation.
D)high crop yield per acre.
E)limited use of agrochemicals.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about pesticides is false?

A)The prolonged use of a particular pesticide can cause a pest population to develop genetic resistance to it.
B)Most pesticides affect more species than the pests for which they are intended.
C)Pesticides applied to agricultural lands tend to stay where they are applied.
D)Most pesticides are chemically stable and do not degrade readily in the environment.
E)Pesticides reduce the amount of crop loss through consumption by insects.

Question 46

The decline of Peregrine falcons in the United States due to the use of DDT is an example of?

A)biological magnification
B)bioaccumulation
C)genetic resistance
D)green revolution
E)biological resistance

Question 47

Read the following excerpt describing a tough decision to be made by Haleakala National Park's superintendent in Maui, Hawaii. Then provide a concise argument, based on scientific principles, that either supports or refutes the superintendent's use of pesticides for the pests attacking the Haleakala silversword plants.
To spray or Not to spray
According to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife service, silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense)plants, located in Haleakala National Park on Maui, Hawaii, have been a threatened species since 1922. Over the years, human vandalism along with browsing by domestic cattle and feral goats has reduced the number of silverswords to a fraction of their former abundance. Recently, park staff members have become concerned about the damage that insects appear to be doing to the park's silversword. An entomologist suggests that insects may be damaging the plants to the point that almost no seeds are being produced.
The park's superintendent is being pressured to start a program for spraying the silverswords with a pesticide to take the stress of insect predation off the plants and increase their chances of reproducing. Do you think the superintendent should begin a spraying program?

Question 48

Biological magnification is the increasing concentration of toxic compounds in the tissue of organisms at higher levels in food webs.

Question 49

What tool of integrated pest management is illustrated below?

A)cultivation practices
B)resistant crop varieties
C)natural enemies
D)judicious use of pesticides
E)pheromone traps

Question 50

Pesticides are effective in

A)decreasing the cost of subsistence farming.
B)increasing the crop damage due to competition with weeds.
C)small concentrations but not in large concentrations.
D)controlling some organisms that cause diseases in humans.
E)attracting particular insects to an area.

Question 51

Integrated pest management incorporates all of the following methods except

A)crop rotation
B)antibiotic application
C)disease-resistant crop varieties
D)pheromone traps
E)limited use of pesticides

Question 52

Which of the following is not a problem associated with industrial agriculture?

A)soil erosion
B)depletion of fossil fuels
C)disposal of livestock wastes
D)habitat fragmentation
E)none, these are all problems associated with industrial agriculture

Question 53

Which of the following is a benefit of pesticide use?

A)with repeated application of pesticide, pests develop genetic resistance
B)pesticides reduce the amount of crop lost through competition with weeds
C)pesticides exhibit persistence, degrading slowly
D)pesticides show mobility, moving other than where they were applied
E)pesticides bioaccumulate in the food chain

Question 54

Which of the following uses of pesticide can lead to ecological imbalance?

A)pesticides alter the genetic resistance in populations causing the pests to persist
B)pesticides kill prey thereby causing predators to starve or migrate. Then the prey population rebounds larger than before since predators are gone.
C)bioaccumulation of pesticides in animal tissue can lead to extinction of species.
D)pesticides show mobility, moving other than where they were applied inadvertently killing non-pest organisms.
E)All of the above

Question 55

Organisms at higher levels on food webs tend to have greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticide stored in their bodies through a process known as

A)biological magnification
B)persistent amplification
C)genetic resistance
D)genetic engineering
E)bioaccumulation

Question 56

Which of the following pesticides is incorrectly matched with its target organism?

A)herbicides: kill lice
B)insecticides : kill insects
C)herbicides : kill plants
D)rodenticides : kill mice
E)fungicides : kill fungi

Question 57

Organic agriculture uses

A)limited amounts of narrow-spectrum pesticides
B)limited amount of broad-spectrum pesticides
C)fungicide spray before shipment to grocery stores
D)organic pesticides rather than inorganic pesticides
E)no pesticides

Question 58

What is a broad-spectrum pesticide?

A)a liquid pesticide that can cover expansive areas of agricultural lands with no negative impact
B)a combination of pesticide and fertilizer that allow plants to grow faster while killing its pests
C)a specific pesticide that kills the intended organism and does not harm any others
D)a wide-reaching pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial ones
E)a pesticide that stays exactly where it is sprayed and degrades over time

Question 59

What is a biological control for pest management?

A)some members of the pest population are sterilized
B)sexual attractants lure pest species to traps
C)predators, parasites, or disease organisms are released to reduce pest populations
D)harvested foods are exposed to ionizing radiation
E)genetic engineering develops pest-resistant crops

Question 60

Which of the following is not a serious concern with the type of pesticide application illustrated below?

A)harming species other than the ones for which the pesticide is intended
B)inability of the pesticide to readily break down into safe materials such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
C)mobility of the pesticide through water runoff
D)pest species evolving genetic resistance to pesticides
E)ease of application to ensure that all plants are equally treated with pesticide

Question 61

Peregrine falcons were once an endangered species in the U.S. How did the biological magnification of DDT contribute to this status? What is credited with allowing their numbers to increase in recent years?

Question 62

Differentiate between malnutrition, undernutrition, and overnutrition. Provide an example of poor health that can result from each of these conditions.

Question 63

Based on the data of school attainment and undernourishment by region below, what is the relationship between education and undernourishment? Use data from specific regions to support your claim.

Question 64

Define sustainable agriculture and list three changes that would need to be incorporated into industrialized agriculture to make it more sustainable.

Question 65

A scientist wants to genetically modify a tomato plant to carry a soybean gene that codes for drought resistance. He plans on using an Agrobacterium to accomplish this. Explain this scientist's process of genetic engineering. Include in your discussion the following vocabulary: plasmid, foreign DNA, tissue culture, genetically modified.

Question 66

Discuss three similarities between the evolution of microorganisms' resistance to antibiotics and pest species evolving genetic resistance to pesticides.

Question 67

What does the term "green revolution" mean? Discuss the pros and cons associated with the green revolution in agriculture.

Question 68

Discuss three alternative methods of controlling agricultural pests. Include in your answer how the method works and possible disadvantages of the method.

Question 69

Why is world population control the most fundamental solution to world food problems?