Deck 15: Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Which of the following is not a kind of elaboration?

A) intervening
B) explanation
C) replication
D) specification
E) interpretation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A Pearson's r of ­.20 has been calculated for the relationship between two variables,X and J.What can be said?

A) This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree.
B) This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the same direction to a very small degree.
C) This is a relationship where as X increases, J also increases to a significant degree.
D) This is a relationship where there is no connection at all between X and J.
E) This is a relationship where X and J are related causally.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Professor Stewart is beginning a study of how first year students adjust to college life.Based on his twenty years of college teaching,he believes that students will differ with respect to their academic abilities,motivation to attend college and family support.He believes that there are six categories that reflect where students fall along these dimensions.Stewart and the students in his research methods classes will be interviewing freshmen.Stewart's development of these categories is an example of

A) anticipatory data reduction.
B) coding.
C) data displays.
D) anticipatory socialization.
E) memoing.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In a frequency distribution,we are

A) displaying the number of cases that fall in categories.
B) showing the connections between descriptive statistics.
C) examining the central tendencies of variables.
D) testing out our coding schemes.
E) analyzing multiple variables.

Question 5

Miles and Huberman suggest two competing approaches to qualitative data analysis:

A) symbolic interactionist and conflict theory.
B) social anthropology and social accounting.
C) social anthropology and interpretivist.
D) interpretivist and symbolic interactionist.
E) none of these

Question 6

Of the following variables,the one most appropriate for analyzing central tendency by using the mean is

A) city of residence.
B) height.
C) race and ethnic identity.
D) degree of attractiveness to the opposite sex.
E) major.

Question 7

Examining the relationship between a mother's occupation and her daughter's selection of an occupation is an
Example of

A) univariate analysis.
B) bivariate analysis.
C) descriptive analysis.
D) a measure of central tendency.
E) elaboration.

Question 8

The elaboration technique that helps a researcher determine that the original relationship was spurious is known as

A) replication.
B) explanation.
C) specification.
D) interpretation.
E) spurious.

Question 9

The graph of a normal distribution looks like a(n)

A) bell.
B) pyramid.
C) oval.
D) tripod.
E) square.

Question 10

Using,we can examine the relationship among several variables to understand how these are related by introducing variables in a series of crosstabulations and testing for the strength of these relationships.

A) common logic
B) bivariate analysis
C) the elaboration model
D) chi square
E) probability

Question 11

As a measure of dispersion,atells us how far the mean is from individual scores.

A) range
B) standard deviation
C) mode
D) regular distribution
E) variation

Question 12

Crosstabulation is a technique used to

A) examine the association between two variables.
B) show causal relationships.
C) illustrate multiple ways to analyze variables.
D) analyze hypotheses.
E) categorically define variables.

Question 13

Quantitative analysis examines relationships among variables while qualitative analysis is more concerned with

A) developing an understanding or thick description of situations.
B) employing statistical analysis to test theories.
C) critiquing existing social and political arrangements.
D) determining the ultimate truth about a social phenomenon.
E) solving social problems.

Question 14

In writing a report,it is important to complete a literature search so that

A) readers will be impressed with all the work you have done.
B) you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do.
C) you ground yourself in the field and are well informed about the topic.
D) you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do and you ground yourself in the field and are well informed about the topic.
E) all of these.

Question 15

If as the value of A (let's say height)increases,B (let's say weight)also increases,we can say that they

A) are inversely related.
B) are positively related.
C) are causally related.
D) are spuriously related.
E) are graphically related.

Question 16

Measures of central tendency do not include

A) mode.
B) median.
C) mean.
D) standard deviation.
E) none of these

Question 17

Themodel allows a researcher to examine more than two variables at a time.

A) multivariable
B) elaboration
C) variable
D) interpretation
E) central tendency

Question 18

A researcher computes a statistic with a probability of p>.05.This means that

A) it is likely there is a strong relationship between the variables.
B) the relationship is likely not strong enough to suggest that it exists in the population.
C) the researcher should calculate another statistic.
D) the researcher is guilty of Type II error.
E) the variable is reliable.

Question 19

Social anthropological approaches to qualitative research aim to

A) analyze relationships between discrete variables.
B) discover regular patterns in social interaction.
C) apply their own interpretive frameworks and accounts.
D) strike a balance between deductive and inductive theorizing.
E) balance qualitative and quantitative methods.

Question 20

A contingency table helps to display

A) how categories within variables are related.
B) whether the variables are accurate representations of reality.
C) whether relationships are related causally.
D) whether the variables are mutually exclusive.
E) the extent to which variables are valid.

Question 21

Measures of association are measures that show both the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

Question 22

Qualitative report writing is a form of

A) data coding.
B) data analysis.
C) quantitative analysis.
D) memoing.
E) social anthropology.

Question 23

Miles and Huberman suggest that qualitative analysis flows concurrently and interactively.These flows include

A) data collection, data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing and verification.
B) data collection, data coding, data display, conclusion drawing and verification.
C) data transcribing, data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing and verification.
D) data transcribing, data reduction, data coding, conclusion drawing and verification.
E) none of these

Question 24

Measures of association help to determine if one variable caused another.

Question 25

After initial coding of the data,one must collect similarly coded passages into

A) folders.
B) new cases.
C) folders that include areas to re-code.
D) test cases.
E) categories.

Question 26

After completing five student interviews,Professor Stewart has found that it is hard to assess "motivation" other than by simply asking students about their motivation.He has decided to use markers for motivation,such as involvement in school clubs and activities,attendance at extra-curricular events and time devoted to studies.In his reading,he had labeled those students who are involved in student organizations,attend activities and devote twenty hours a week to studying as "super students" and the complete absence of these or low scores as on these measures as "minimally involved students".This is an example of

A) arbitrary coding.
B) analytical coding.
C) anticipatory coding.
D) a data display.
E) conceptualization

Question 27

Measures of dispersion indicate how varied the population is with respect to certain values.

Question 28

In coding large amounts of data,Professor Einstein learned that codes that were assigned early in the process are no longer viable.These will be re-coded into more useful categories.This process is known as

A) partial coding.
B) flexible analysis.
C) focused coding.
D) analytic coding.
E) descriptive coding.

Question 29

is the process by which researchers create visual images to summarize qualitative information.

A) Data reduction
B) Graphical depiction
C) Data displaying
D) Coding reduction
E) Memoing

Question 30

The purpose of the elaboration model is to provide a way to examine relationships that may be causal.

Question 31

In,a researcher is summarizing the data that has been collected into more manageable categories.

A) data reduction
B) analytical coding
C) data displays
D) qualitative analysis
E) memoing

Question 32

If there was a relationship between level of education and income reflected by an r of 1,we would expect that for each additional year of education,an individual would earn an additional equivalent amount of income.

Question 33

Dr.Eaton adds extensive commentary to her coding so that she can better understand their meaning.She is using

A) operationalization.
B) displays.
C) memoing.
D) crosstabulations.
E) transcription.

Question 34

In coding,the goal is to

A) examine relationships among variables.
B) create categories that flow from the data and apply these to cases.
C) begin to outline the final report.
D) determine if the data can be transformed into categories usable by computer.
E) try to pinpoint how something works and to find out what aspects of the program contribute to the effect.

Question 35

The measure of central tendency used for ordinal variables is mode.

Question 36

Data displays are roughly analogous to

A) univarate analyses.
B) bivariate analyses.
C) measures of central tendency.
D) elaboration models.
E) coding reduction.

Question 37

The range of a variable is the difference between the lowest and highest values.

Question 38

One form of data display is a cross-tabulation of variables you are interested in.

Question 39

Inferential statistics allow researchers to make claims about the internal validity of their data.

Question 40

After doing additional coding,Professor Stewart finds that students have varying levels of family support.He thinks that motivation may be linked to levels of family support.In order to analyze the relationship between these variables,he creates a matrix.This is an example of

A) a data display.
B) anticipatory coding.
C) constant comparison.
D) quantitative analysis.
E) theoretical coding.

Question 41

A partial relationship involves a control variable.

Question 42

Why is it important to perform tests to measure association?

Question 43

A data display should only be used to highlight the essential points of the final report.

Question 44

The process where researchers examine data with the purpose of discovering what is in the data is called analytic coding.

Question 45

What is the difference between interpretivist and social anthropological approaches to qualitative research?

Question 46

In describing a population,why is it advantageous to not only know the measures of central tendency,but also to calculate measures of dispersion?

Question 47

Outline the major steps involved in qualitative data analysis.

Question 48

In some instances of qualitative analysis,the data one decides to collect may be influenced by the tentative conclusions one is making while continually examining data and relationships in the setting.

Question 49

How individuals account for the world,create meaning and interpret situations is a major focus for interpretivists.

Question 50

Identify and describe the four types of elaboration.

Question 51

Memoing provides the researchers with structured ways to examine the data and the coded text.

Question 52

A memo can be used to help the researcher think about what needs to be examined or pursued during the next opportunity for data collection.