Deck 2: Principles of Drug Action

Question 1

Drug effects that result from a drug circulating through the body are called _________________________________________
___________________________________________________ effects.

Answer 1

The biological, psychological and physical changes that occur in a body due to action of drugs are known as drug effects. The desired effect of the drug, that is the primary reason for which it is administered, is known as its therapeutic effect. Apart from this drugs might also have some side-effects. Side- effects are not the reason for which the drug was prescribed.
There are two main types of drug effects: systemic and local.
Certain drugs need to travel through bloodstream to various tissues or parts of body to produce desired change or effect. This type of effect wherein the drug travels to various tissues/ organs is known as systemic effect.
Thus answer to the blank space is

Question 2

What is an overdose? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Answer 2

In some situations, there might be unwanted and sudden reactions to the drug. These reactions are known as adverse reactions. There are many types of adverse reactions like idiosyncracy, drug allergy, tolerance, toxicity, interaction and synergism.
Drug overdose is a type of adverse reaction that could be caused as a result of attempted suicide, poor judgment or error. Taking OTC (over-the-counter) medications, herbal supplements or other drugs without the knowledge of a Practitioner may interfere with certain drugs that are prescribed causing overdose.
Overdose refers to a dosage that is too large for the patient's age, physical condition and/or size. Overdose of drugs carry the risk of leading to toxicity.

Question 3

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Obesity

Answer 3

Drug action refers to the changes in the way that cells work, which occurs in the cell molecules of the body due to effect of drugs. There are four main methods of drug action: destroying cells, replacing substances, depressing and stimulating.
Drug action is a process that is also affected by various criteria. They include:
• Age
• Size
• Sex
• Diet
• Pathological conditions
• Time of administration
• Psychological factors
• Genetic factors
• Route of administration
• Environmental conditions
• History of drugs/ medications
As mentioned above, size of an individual affects drug action. Certain drugs, especially fatty substances affect the absorption and metabolism of certain drugs. drug doses are calculated depending on body weight and age of the patient.
Thus an obese person would need higher dose of the prescribed drug so that the drug can show considerable and desired effect.
Thus obesity affects drug action.

Question 4

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
You have recently given Mr. Smith a medication ordered by his doctor. Mr. Smith is not reacting to the drug the way you expected. In talking with him, you discover that he has also been taking medication he brought with him from home. You suspect that his adverse reaction is due to a(n) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Question 5

Drug effects that are confined to the area where the drug was administered are called ___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________ effects.

Question 6

What is the basis for treatment of drug overdose? ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Question 7

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Poor circulation

Question 8

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
Miss Grimes seems very sleepy and confused after receiving her medication. You check her records and discover that someone misread the doctor's order and gave Miss Grimes a dose that was much too large. You notify the supervisor immediately because you think Miss Grimes is showing signs of __________________________.

Question 9

Drugs act by ________________________, ______________________________, or __________________________________________________ the work of the cells.

Question 10

List four over-the-counter drugs that are commonly abused. _______________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Question 11

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Nervousness

Question 12

Name the form printed in the PDR that the FDA and pharmaceutical manufacturers encourage health care professionals to fill out and send to the FDA's Division of Epidemiology and Surveillance.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Question 13

Drugs also act by ____________________________ substances that the body fails to produce.

Question 14

What two critical symptoms may occur when a patient takes an overdose of central nervous system depressants? ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Question 15

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Height

Question 16

Where do you get this form?__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Question 17

Drug action is affected by four bodily processes: ______________________________
________________________, ________________________, ________________________, and ____________________________________________________________________.

Question 18

What does alcohol do for a patient who has taken an overdose? ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Question 19

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Cheerful mood

Question 20

What does VAERS signify? ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Question 21

The organs that excrete waste are the _______________________________________________________________, ____________________________________, and _________________________________________________________________.

Question 22

What is an antidote? ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Question 23

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Political affiliation

Question 24

Why should the physician refer to the contraindication section of the PDR or the manufacturer's package insert for each vaccine? _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Question 25

Drugs used in therapy have two kinds of effects: __________________ and _____________________.

Question 26

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Physical strength

Question 27

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Drug-taking history

Question 28

Three symptoms of a drug allergy include ____________, _______________, and ______________________.

Question 29

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Kidney disease

Question 30

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Hair color

Question 31

A placebo is ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 32

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Hearing impairment

Question 33

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Oral hygiene

Question 34

Drug abuse is _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 35

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Aging

Question 36

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
After taking several doses of medicine, Bill no longer seems to be affected by the drug. This may be a symptom of _______________________________________.

Question 37

The way a drug changes the chemistry of the body is called the drug ________________________.

Question 38

Drugmisuse is _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 39

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Genes

Question 40

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
Mrs. Jones gets a stronger drug effect with each additional dose of her medication. She may be showing signs of _________________________________________.

Question 41

The physical changes that occur because of the drug action are called the drug __________________________________.

Question 42

Idiosyncrasy is _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 43

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Sex

Question 44

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
Two drugs producing a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects is referred to as ____________________________________________________.

Question 45

Absorption is _______________________________
________________________________________________________________

Question 46

Five groups of drugs that are often abused are ______________________________
_____________________, ________________________________, ________________________________, ________________________________, ______________.

Question 47

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Diet

Question 48

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
The doctor has just canceled Ms. Williams' order for a narcotic pain medication. She has been taking the pain medication regularly since her hip operation. As the usual time for her medication approaches, Ms. Williams expresses the worry that she will not be able to sleep without her medication. You see this as a possible sign of ___________________________________________________.

Question 49

Distribution is _______________________________
________________________________________________________________

Question 50

If you suspect drug abuse, your obligation is to ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 51

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Popularity

Question 52

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
A drug interaction wherein two drugs inhibit or cancel the action of the other is called ____________________________________________________________.

Question 53

Metabolism/biotransformation is ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Question 54

Physical drug dependence is ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 55

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Infancy

Question 56

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
Annie Peterson is reacting in an abnormal or peculiar way to her medication. You have never seen a person react this way to the medication she is taking. Drug allergy has been ruled out. Annie's response to the drug will probably be classified as a(n) _________________________________________________________.

Question 57

Excretion is ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

Question 58

Psychological drug dependence is _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Question 59

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check by those that you think might influence drug action.
_________________ Anger

Question 60

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.
antagonism
drug allergy
drug dependence
drug interaction
potentiation
tolerance
cumulative effect
idiosyncrasy
toxicity
An adverse reaction resulting from an antibody attacking an antigen is called a(n) __________________________________________________________.