Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Dr.Heritos watches with some amusement as her students struggle to find the right answers on their midterm exam,and her mind wanders to the parts of the brain that are involved in memory.As she sits in her chair proctoring the exam,which part of her brain is most active while she retrieves long-term memories?

A) The frontal lobe
B) The parietal lobe
C) The temporal lobe
D) The occipital lobe

Answer 1

The frontal lobe

Question 2

As sensory information comes into your body in the form of visual energy,or light,it is received by the eyes,sent to the brain,and encoded in the visual _________.

A) lobe
B) nucleus
C) cortex
D) register

Answer 2

cortex

Question 3

The part of the brain that mediates the human sense of touch by encoding tactile information is called the sensory __________.

A) cortex
B) nucleus
C) register
D) memory

Answer 3

cortex

Question 4

With regard to the three-stage model of memory suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin,what has recent research found?

A) There are, in fact, more than three types of memory storage.
B) The model is very accurate, as supported by the fact that people with sensory impairment like blindness or deafness have memory systems that are far less reliable than those without such deficits.
C) Encoding is a process whose importance was overestimated by Atkinson and Shiffrin, since only information to which we consciously attend is actually encoded.
D) It is possible for information to make it into our long-term memory without going through the first two stages of the model.

Question 5

"The process of memory is like using one of those "Storage USA" businesses," Prof.Fisher tells her class."You have a place to keep your stuff,but the three main processes have to work or else you're just wasting your money.__________ is like putting stuff into the locker you rented,storage is keeping it safe there over time,and retrieval is taking it out later on when you need it."

A) Integration
B) Encoding
C) Intake
D) Application

Question 6

The inability to retrieve information that has been previously stored is called __________.

A) encoding blockage
B) storage erosion
C) forgetting
D) interference

Question 7

The sensory __________ are the parts of the brain that make up sensory memory.

A) lobes
B) cortices
C) receivers
D) registers

Question 8

The brain's system for filing away new information and retrieving previously learned data is called __________.

A) storage
B) memory
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 9

The three key processes of memory are

A) sensory, working, and long-term.
B) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
C) interpretation, encoding, and storage.
D) encoding, retrieval, and application

Question 10

Which lobe of the cerebrum plays a prominent role in the encoding and storage of working and long-term memory?

A) The occipital lobe
B) The parietal lobe
C) The frontal lobe
D) The temporal lobe

Question 11

The process of encoding,storage,and retrieval is known as the __________-processing model of memory.

A) stimulus
B) information
C) interactive
D) attentive

Question 12

The __________ memory is a type of sensory memory that involves visual stimuli.

A) sensory
B) iconic
C) echoic
D) photographic

Question 13

If we don't pay attention to the information in our sensory registers,those data disappear within __________.

A) ¼ second
B) ½ second
C) one second
D) thirty seconds

Question 14

How many different kinds of sensory registers does each person have?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 15

The information-processing model of memory was first proposed by which researchers?

A) Sperling and Hancock
B) Baddeley and Sanders
C) Atkinson and Shiffrin
D) Ebbinghaus and Ebbinghaus

Question 16

The process of directing your attention to a specific stimulus and then converting that stimulus to a form that can be stored is called __________.

A) encoding
B) attending
C) retrieval
D) integration

Question 17

"The process of memory is like using one of those "Storage USA" businesses," Prof.Fisher tells her class."You have a place to keep your stuff,but the three main processes have to work or else you're just wasting your money.Encoding is like putting stuff into the locker you rented,storage is keeping it safe there over time,and __________ is taking it out later on when you need it."

A) recognition
B) recall
C) remembering
D) retrieval

Question 18

Which of the following is one of the basic types of memory?

A) mid-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) iatrogenic memory
D) repressed memory

Question 19

Research by __________ demonstrated that our visual registers are able to store accurate representations of images.

A) Richard Atkinson
B) George Sperling Richard Atkinson
C) Richard Shiffrin
D) Alan Baddeley

Question 20

What is another name for "working memory?"

A) Immediate memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Active memory
D) Processing memory

Question 21

Which cognitive process allows us to determine which of the many sensations around us we are going to store in memory and which of those data we are going to discard?

A) eidetics
B) selection
C) concentration
D) attention

Question 22

__________ encoding is the process of encoding meaning.

A) Semantic
B) Sensory
C) Working
D) Interpretative

Question 23

When you are asked to "clear your mind and think of nothing," this tends to be a very difficult feat to accomplish.Various images,thoughts,and "sounds" go flashing through your mind.The harder you try to think of nothing,the harder it is to think of nothing.Based on your reading of the chapter,why is "clear your mind" such a paradoxical instruction?

A) Because you are being given this instruction when you are surrounded by stimuli. Even if you close your eyes, the incoming information is impossible to block out.
B) Because the electrical impulses of the brain make the concept of "thinking of nothing" an impossibility.
C) Because your attention has been directed toward your own thoughts, which makes it difficult not to think of anything.
D) Because the physiological processes involved in thinking of "nothing" can only function when you are asleep or otherwise unconscious.

Question 24

Unconscious encoding is also called __________ processing.

A) unintentional
B) automatic
C) eidetic
D) cybernetic

Question 25

How long does it take before current iconic memories are replaced with new images?

A) Almost immediately
B) 2-4 seconds
C) 4-8 seconds
D) 8-15 seconds

Question 26

Research has found that the _________ becomes activated during challenging working-memory tasks.

A) limbic system
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobe
D) cerebellum

Question 27

__________ encoding occurs when you process a bit of information or sensation without deliberate thought or action.

A) Eidetic
B) Unconscious
C) Robotic
D) Unintentional

Question 28

Which of the following types of information will be the easiest for us to encode and remember?

A) Information that is auditory in nature.
B) Information that uses only one type of encoding, so that it does not become "muddled" on the way into our memories.
C) Information that holds some personal meaning to us.
D) Information that is repeated to us more than one time.

Question 29

If you see a bolt of lightning flash across the sky,you will have a visual memory of that stimulus for a brief second after it occurs.This sort of memory is called __________,which refers to our visual sensory memory.

A) photographic
B) eidetic
C) echoic
D) iconic

Question 30

The act of applying the mind to a given sense or thought is called __________.

A) focus
B) attention
C) meditation
D) concentration

Question 31

Seeing is to _________ memory as hearing is to __________ memory.

A) sensory; working
B) iconic; echoic
C) atrophic; hypertrophic
D) short-term; long-term

Question 32

Which two types of sensory memory do scientists have the most information about?

A) Tactile and visual
B) Visual and auditory
C) Auditory and olfactory
D) Visual and gustatory

Question 33

__________ memory involves the ability to recall detailed images vividly after only a brief exposure to them.

A) Photographic
B) Mirror
C) Iconic
D) Eidetic

Question 34

Which bit of evidence suggests that eidetic memory isn't truly photographic?

A) The fact that eidetic memory can only recall concepts and not specific details.
B) The fact that eidetic memory can also apply to auditory stimuli.
C) The fact that eidetikers sometimes make errors.
D) The fact that eidetikers are a much greater chance of being color-blind.

Question 35

Which observation of those with eidetic memory suggests that they are "seeing" their memories for longer than the usually duration of iconic memory?

A) Their eyes move as though they are looking at an image.
B) The visual registers in the brain are more fully-developed in those with eidetic memory.
C) They do not experience REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which suggests that their visual receptive processes are reserved exclusively for remembering.
D) Their memories are perfectly accurate, suggesting it is not just a "remembering" experience but it also a form of a cognitive "visual" experience.

Question 36

When you study for an exam,knowing that the outcome could make or break your semester grade,you are using __________ encoding.

A) imperative
B) affective
C) affected
D) conscious

Question 37

__________ encoding is a process of encoding that involves paying specific attention to the information to be remembered.

A) Attentive
B) Conscious
C) Intentional
D) Directed

Question 38

The average duration of iconic memory is ____ second(s),while the average duration of echoic memory is ___ second(s).

A) 1 to 3; 25 to 30
B) less than 1; 3 to 4
C) 1; 10
D) 3 to 4; 10 to 15

Question 39

In the movie "The Chosen," based on the book by Chaim Potok,one of the main characters,Danny,is able to recite verbatim an entire newspaper article from memory after looking at it for fewer than 10 seconds.This is an example of __________ memory.

A) flawless
B) eidetic
C) photographic
D) iconic

Question 40

Which type of encoding tends to lead to the longest amount of retention?

A) Visual encoding
B) Auditory encoding
C) Semantic encoding
D) Iconic encoding

Question 41

When you are given a list of items to remember,you will probably have little difficulty remembering what came at the end of the list.This is known as the __________ effect.

A) trailing
B) subsequence
C) serial position
D) recency

Question 42

The __________ effect is the ability to recall the information that was last stored when given a list of things to remember.

A) primacy
B) serial position
C) recency
D) cognate

Question 43

The attorneys were engaged in a very difficult struggle to convince the jury that their respective client deserved to win the case.One attorney went too far,and the judge stated,"The members of the jury will disregard the statement that was just made by plaintiff's attorney." The judge is attempting to use the process of __________ to eliminate the inappropriate information from the jury's eventual deliberations.

A) pseudoforgetting
B) cued forgetting
C) the serial position effect
D) the recency effect

Question 44

When it comes to the phenomenon of cued forgetting,which of the following statements is the most accurate?

A) Generally speaking, it is very difficult for people to intentionally forget things.
B) Cued forgetting is only possible with information that has no personal relevance to an individual.
C) It is easier for children to forget a cued item than adults because their hippocampi are not yet fully formed.
D) Children have more difficulty with forgetting a cued item than do adults.

Question 45

The __________ effect is the ability to recall information given first when given a list of things to remember.

A) recency
B) initialization
C) executive
D) primacy

Question 46

If you are given a list of information to remember,your memory of the items at/in the __________ of the list is going to be the worst.

A) end
B) middle
C) beginning
D) beginning and end

Question 47

__________ is the process of organizing large pieces of information into smaller pieces or groups.

A) Clustering
B) Associating
C) Chunking
D) Grouping

Question 48

Dr.McCaffery tells his class,"I am going to shine a stimulus up on the screen,and I'm only going to give you three seconds to memorize them.Go!" He shines a slide that has the following letters - "HBOUSAIBMLOL" - on the screen.Which of the following represents the most effective use of chunking to remember these 12 letters?

A) ABBHILLMOOUS
B) HIULBB SOOMAL
C) LAMOOS BBLUIH
D) HBO USA IBM LOL

Question 49

Dr.McCaffery tells his class,"I am going to shine a stimulus up on the screen,and I'm only going to give you three seconds to memorize them.Go!" He shines a slide that has the following letters - "HBOIBMUSALOL" - on the screen.The student who wants to win the game by memorizing this most effective and most quickly will use what process to remember the 12 letters as "HBO - IBM - USA - LOL?"

A) Semantic grouping
B) Chunking
C) Clustering
D) Affiliating

Question 50

Mort is going to the supermarket to pick up seven items - a toilet brush,shampoo,apples,toothpicks,baby diapers,a birthday card,and pasta.He has them written down in this order on his shopping list,but he gets to the store and finds that he's left the list at home.He finds the first few things and the last few things on his list,but for all of his effort he cannot remember that he needed toothpicks.This tendency to forget things that came in the middle of a list of items is called the __________ effect.

A) recency
B) primacy
C) serial position
D) pseudoforgetting

Question 51

According to research by Miller,what is the average number of pieces of information that people can hold in their working memory at any one time?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 12

Question 52

When you are given a list of stimuli to remember,you are going to have a particularly easy time remembering the first two or three things on that list.This is an example of the __________ effect.

A) recency
B) serial position
C) primacy
D) visual

Question 53

Lacrecia is having difficulty in her history class.She always attends class and writes everything down that the teacher says,but seems to have great difficulty when it comes to remembering the specifics of what was discussed in class.The fact that her friend Keli is constantly whispering to her and trying to have side conversations while class is going on may have something to do with her problem! This type of encoding interference is called __________.

A) pseudoforgetting
B) cued forgetting
C) disrupted transformation
D) the Premack effect

Question 54

The phenomenon of __________ shows us that the advice you may have gotten from your parents - when they told you not to study in front of the television - was probably correct.Sorry about that!

A) pseudoforgetting
B) interference
C) misinformation
D) cued forgetting

Question 55

__________ are memories of which a person is consciously aware.

A) Covert
B) Overt
C) Explicit
D) Implicit

Question 56

__________ is a type of encoding interference in which information is never actually stored because of some kind of attention interference.

A) Encoding disruption
B) Cued forgetting
C) Pseudoforgetting
D) Stored misinformation

Question 57

__________ forgetting is a type of forgetting in which a person is specifically told to forget about certain information.

A) Requested
B) Demanded
C) Cued
D) Directed

Question 58

At a nightclub one evening,you are introduced to someone who you think is absolutely amazing - attractive,friendly,and well-spoken - and you are beaming when you come away from that conversation with a telephone number.Because you have nothing to write with,however,you continue repeating the number to yourself so you won't forget it until you write it down or store it in your cell phone.This process of repeating a stimulus again and again to keep it active in your memory is called ___________.

A) semantic verbalizing
B) working stimulation
C) rote rehearsal
D) repetitive activation

Question 59

__________ rehearsal is the process of repeating information,either out loud or silently,with the intent of learning that information.

A) Automatic
B) Working
C) Rote
D) Verbalized

Question 60

__________ is the process of activating associations in memory just before starting a certain task.

A) Priming
B) Reading
C) Impulsing
D) Preparing

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

A) The proper procedure for driving a car with a stick-shift transmission.
B) The name of the hospital where you were born.
C) The best way to pack a suitcase so that you don't wrinkle your pants.
D) The recipe for making homemade ice cream.

Question 62

"The more attention we pay to a stimulus,the more likely we are to effectively encode it in long-term memory." This statement,which is consistent with the Levels of Processing model of memory,might be uttered by which researchers?

A) Hockenbury and Hockenbury
B) Baddeley and Sanders
C) Craik and Tulving
D) Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 63

Most people are very aware of the date of their own birth,and as that date approaches they eagerly anticipate gifts,cake,and perhaps a party.Because people are aware that they remember their own birthdays,this is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A) overt
B) salient
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 64

__________ processing is a level of processing in which a word's sound or appearance is encoded.

A) Physical
B) Shallow
C) Iconic
D) Sensory

Question 65

One way that therapists assist clients suffering from a phobia is through a technique called systematic desensitization.The person is gradually exposed to the trigger of their fear until they learn to respond with relaxation instead of panic and dread .This uses the principle of __________,which suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to familiarity and comfort.

A) relaxation
B) habituation
C) diminuation
D) minimization

Question 66

While trying to decide what to do on their first date,Jevon and Jennifer were throwing out ideas.Jevon said "Why don't we go play pool and have a few beers?" Jennifer smiled at the decidedly masculine tone of that idea,and said,"I don't really know how to play pool!" If Jennifer were speaking in the language of memory theory,she might have said "I don't have the __________ memory of how to do that activity."

A) procedural
B) explicit
C) eidetic
D) iconic

Question 67

A(n)__________ memory is one that is immediately stored in long-term memory and is caused by emotional events.

A) imperative
B) affective
C) procedure
D) flashbulb

Question 68

__________ is the removal of a conditioned response to a stimulus by the use of habituation.

A) Stimulus inhibition
B) Extinction
C) Discontinuation
D) Termination

Question 69

A(n)__________ memory is one that contains factual and conceptual information that is not directly tied to life events.

A) procedural
B) independent
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 70

A(n)__________ memory is one in which a person remembers an entire sequence of events.

A) explicit
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) episodic

Question 71

Charles is trying to learn a concept in his advanced music theory class.He wants to remember the orders of sharps and flats in the different key signatures of music.He knows that the sharps go F-B-E-A-D-G-C and the flats go G-D-A-E-B-F-C,but he's unable to keep the order correct in his head.One evening,he decides to take the letters and make a sentence.For sharps he creates "Fat Boys Eat Apple Dumplings Girls Cook," and for flats he uses "God Destroyed All Earth By Flood,Cool!" In order to remember his sharps and flats,Charles has employed a __________ device.

A) mnemonic
B) aphoric
C) conditioning
D) syntactic

Question 72

If My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas,then I am probably familiar with the use of __________.

A) rote rehearsal
B) elaboration
C) flashbulb memories
D) mnemonics

Question 73

A __________ is a memory aid that gives rhyme and reason to lists or other pieces of information.

A) pneumatic device
B) mnemonic device
C) procedural device
D) habituation device

Question 74

The process of connecting a new bit of information that you want to remember to something that has been previously stored in your memory is called __________ rehearsal.

A) maintenance
B) semantic
C) elaborative
D) rote

Question 75

"I'll never forget the day my daughter was born," Said Lakia's mother."I remember the people who were there,what they were wearing,how I felt,and the joy of seeing her for the first time!" Clearly,the birth of her daughter was a __________ to Lakia's mother.

A) photographic
B) explicit
C) eidetic
D) flashbulb

Question 76

One way that implicit memories can be formed is through __________,which occurs when an association is made between two different stimuli.

A) imploding
B) flooding
C) encoding
D) conditioning

Question 77

Which of the following are the two types of explicit memories that are discussed in your book chapter?

A) iconic and echoic memories
B) semantic and episodic memories
C) eidetic and photographic memories
D) procedural and declarative memories

Question 78

While walking through the shopping center one day,Wayne passed a woman who was wearing the perfume that his ex-girlfriend wore many years ago.As soon as the scent hit is nose,Wayne stopped and was immediately flooded with images of the girl he once dated.He was surprised by this,because he wasn't even aware that he had remembered that particular scent and its association with that particular girl.This is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A) unconscious
B) implicit
C) covert
D) unintentional

Question 79

A procedural memory,which is the memory of habits and skills that we perform,is one type of __________ memory.

A) declarative
B) explicit
C) implicit
D) episodic

Question 80

The proper route that you need to drive to get from New York to Los Angeles is a(n)__________ memory.Remembering the time that you and three friends made that drive in a week is a(n)__________ memory.

A) implicit; explicit
B) semantic; episodic
C) eidetic; dichotomous
D) iconic; echoic