Deck 10: The Beginning of Life and Childhood

Question 1

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
List three situations in which DNA testing might be indicated.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer 1

DNA: the abbreviation stands for "Deoxyribonucleic Acid" and is a combination of proteins that are combined and arranged so to form human chromosome. 46 chromosomes are there in the nucleus of every human cell, while egg and sperm cells contain 23 chromosomes each. These chromosomes have the genes that decided the characteristics of the human being like his eyes, hair, body structure, etc. A genome includes all the DNA and the genes present in an organism and is used to locate the chromosomes and create information bank for genetic research.
DNA testing: DNA has become the tool to identify the persons as each person has a unique DNA. This is helpful in investigating a fingerprint at a crime scene, analyzing parentage of a person, and finding out other genetic information about the person. DNA of a person can be tested form his or her hair, skin, body fluids like semen, and saliva, blood, etc.
Three situations in which DNA testing can be indicated are:
- Amniocentesis is the test which is helpful in determining the signs of abnormalities in the developing fetus inside the womb, by testing the genes or DNA.
- Investigation of a fingerprint or blood stains found at the crime scene to determine the person to whom they belong.
- To determine the presence or absence of inherited diseases in a person by analyzing the disease-causing gene.

Question 2

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Define xenotransplantation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer 2

Genetic Engineering: It is a process through which scientist can change or modify the DNA or chromosome structure to add or eliminate particular traits in a person or an animal. This is done by modifying the DNA in the cells of animals or human beings. For example, creation of modified corn and soybean crops which have the capability of resisting insect-borne diseases.
Definition of xenotransplantation: Transplantation of tissues and organs of animals into human beings is called xenotransplantation. Clones are produced when somatic cells of the body divide themselves into identical replicas.
In simpler terms, the cells which are consisted in the organs of the body are exact replicas of the cells that divided to develop them. Since many years, scientists have been cloning cattle, mice, monkeys, pigs etc. with different objectives like breeding of identical animals for using them in developing medicine, and cloning of animal tissues to develop medicinal use. One such similar objective to clone animals is to develop a potential source of organs for human beings, i.e., to perform xenotransplantation.
However, there is risk of infection and immune rejection reaction in human beings when the tissues of animals are planted in them. Animal rights activists raise objection on ethical grounds against xenotransplantation.

Question 3

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
The union of eggs and sperm outside of the body, in a test tube or petri dish.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Answer 3

d

Question 4

Use your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions that follow each of the case studies.
In 1984 John Moore, an Alaskan businessman, was treated at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) for a rare cancer. During his treatment, a doctor and researcher discovered that tissue from Moore's spleen produced a blood protein that encourages the growth of cancer-fighting white blood cells.
Without Moore's knowledge or consent, university scientists created a cell line from his tissue. They obtained a patent on their invention, which was estimated to be worth about $3 billion in potential profits. Moore later learned that his tissue had been used in this way, and he sued UCLA, claiming that only he could own his tissue. The California Supreme Court ruled against Moore in 1990, saying that he had no property right over his own body tissues. This court's decision paved the way for other researchers to patent genes and tissues.
Since Moore's suit, some states have passed laws defining DNA ownership. For example, a 1995 Oregon law declared that a person owned his or her DNA and that of any children. In 2001, however, Oregon legislators reversed the 1995 law, holding that genetic information would no longer be considered private property once it was separated from a person's identity through encryption or anonymous research.
In your opinion, should genes be considered private property? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 5

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
A tiny segment of DNA that holds instructions for making a specific molecule.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 6

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
List and define three medical procedures that might be available to infertile couples.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 7

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Name three criteria that may be considered to determine if a minor is to be declared emancipated.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 8

Use your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions that follow each of the case studies.
In 1984 John Moore, an Alaskan businessman, was treated at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) for a rare cancer. During his treatment, a doctor and researcher discovered that tissue from Moore's spleen produced a blood protein that encourages the growth of cancer-fighting white blood cells.
Without Moore's knowledge or consent, university scientists created a cell line from his tissue. They obtained a patent on their invention, which was estimated to be worth about $3 billion in potential profits. Moore later learned that his tissue had been used in this way, and he sued UCLA, claiming that only he could own his tissue. The California Supreme Court ruled against Moore in 1990, saying that he had no property right over his own body tissues. This court's decision paved the way for other researchers to patent genes and tissues.
Since Moore's suit, some states have passed laws defining DNA ownership. For example, a 1995 Oregon law declared that a person owned his or her DNA and that of any children. In 2001, however, Oregon legislators reversed the 1995 law, holding that genetic information would no longer be considered private property once it was separated from a person's identity through encryption or anonymous research.
Should individuals receive payment if they turn over ownership of genes to researchers? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 9

Question 10

Reproductive science has progressed so rapidly that laws have not kept pace. For example, in 1996, a couple lost their adult, sin­gle daughter, Julie, to leukemia. Before her death, Julie had paid a fertility clinic to harvest and freeze several of her eggs. When Julie died, her parents inherited the frozen eggs, along with Julie's furniture and other material possessions. Julie's parents then paid a surrogate mother to carry one of Julie's implanted eggs, fertilized by a sperm donor. Julie's parents did not plan to raise their grandchild themselves.
"This field [reproductive medicine] is screaming for oversight, regula­tion and control," Arthur Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, told The Washington Post in 1998 when asked about the above scenario. "If you are going to make babies in new and novel ways, you have to be sure it's in the interest of the baby."
Although no laws prevented the parents in the above situation from paying a surrogate mother to carry one of their deceased daughter's fertil­ized eggs, in your opinion, did they act ethically? Why or why not? What values are involved in your answer?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 11

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
The mechanical injection of viable semen into a woman's vagina.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Question 12

Use your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions that follow each of the case studies.
In 1984 John Moore, an Alaskan businessman, was treated at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) for a rare cancer. During his treatment, a doctor and researcher discovered that tissue from Moore's spleen produced a blood protein that encourages the growth of cancer-fighting white blood cells.
Without Moore's knowledge or consent, university scientists created a cell line from his tissue. They obtained a patent on their invention, which was estimated to be worth about $3 billion in potential profits. Moore later learned that his tissue had been used in this way, and he sued UCLA, claiming that only he could own his tissue. The California Supreme Court ruled against Moore in 1990, saying that he had no property right over his own body tissues. This court's decision paved the way for other researchers to patent genes and tissues.
Since Moore's suit, some states have passed laws defining DNA ownership. For example, a 1995 Oregon law declared that a person owned his or her DNA and that of any children. In 2001, however, Oregon legislators reversed the 1995 law, holding that genetic information would no longer be considered private property once it was separated from a person's identity through encryption or anonymous research.
Should scientists or drug companies be allowed to patent genes as they do other discoveries and inventions? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 13

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
All the genes necessary to replicate a human being.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 14

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Cloning is a form of
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 15

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
What effect do the above designations have upon a minor's health care decisions?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 16

Use your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions that follow each of the case studies.
As reproductive technology advanced, headlines announcing "Couple Battles over Frozen Embryos" be­came more and more commonplace. For example, in the 1980s a man went to court and succeeded in pre­venting his ex-wife from using their frozen embryos to become pregnant. He maintained that after he and his wife had divorced, he no longer wanted to become a parent, and should not be forced to do so against his will.
In 1998, a divorced woman in New Jersey won a legal battle with her ex-husband over custody of seven frozen embryos the couple had created in vitro while still married. The wife wanted to have the embryos destroyed, while the ex-husband argued his right to adopt his own embryos to be implanted in a future part­ner or donated to an infertile couple.
In your opinion, should frozen embryos be considered property to be awarded during a divorce? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 17

Match the following definitions with the terms they define:
An experimental treatment for hereditary diseases.
a. genetic discrimination
b. gene therapy
c. genetic engineering
d. genetic testing

Question 18

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Adoptions are regulated primarily by
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 19

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
A surrogate arrangement in which the surrogate mother is genetically related to the child she will carry.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Question 20

Use your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions that follow each of the case studies.
As reproductive technology advanced, headlines announcing "Couple Battles over Frozen Embryos" be­came more and more commonplace. For example, in the 1980s a man went to court and succeeded in pre­venting his ex-wife from using their frozen embryos to become pregnant. He maintained that after he and his wife had divorced, he no longer wanted to become a parent, and should not be forced to do so against his will.
In 1998, a divorced woman in New Jersey won a legal battle with her ex-husband over custody of seven frozen embryos the couple had created in vitro while still married. The wife wanted to have the embryos destroyed, while the ex-husband argued his right to adopt his own embryos to be implanted in a future part­ner or donated to an infertile couple.
Should a man who loses custody of frozen embryos in a lawsuit be responsible for child support if his ex-wife is implanted with the embryos and becomes pregnant at a later date? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 21

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Name two goals of the Human Genome Project.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 22

At four, Bobby had had two bone marrow transplants to treat a genetic metabolic disorder called Hurler syndrome. Back in the hospital, his kidneys were failing, and his body was painfully swollen from an accumulation of fluids. Steroids had turned the boy's skin bright pink, and multisystem organ failure required the use of machines to keep him somewhat stable. Clearly, aggressive medical care was keeping Bobby alive. Bobby's mother proudly remarked often that he was "a fighter."
In your opinion, does Bobby have the right to be taken off the machines that are keeping him alive? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 23

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
The use of a sperm donor to fertilize a woman's eggs.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Question 24

At four, Bobby had had two bone marrow transplants to treat a genetic metabolic disorder called Hurler syndrome. Back in the hospital, his kidneys were failing, and his body was painfully swollen from an accumulation of fluids. Steroids had turned the boy's skin bright pink, and multisystem organ failure required the use of machines to keep him somewhat stable. Clearly, aggressive medical care was keeping Bobby alive. Bobby's mother proudly remarked often that he was "a fighter."
The hospital ethics advisor who consulted in the above case said of Bobby, "It's an example of a child's basic interests being held hostage. What were they [the parents] hoping for? [Bobby] had given it all he had." Do you agree or disagree with the ethics advisor's remarks? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 25

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
A worldwide project to locate and map the location of all human genes.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 26

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Why, in your opinion, do many people object to the prospect of cloning?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 27

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
In what treatment areas are minors most likely to make their own health care decisions?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 28

Use your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions that follow each of the case studies.
As reproductive technology advanced, headlines announcing "Couple Battles over Frozen Embryos" be­came more and more commonplace. For example, in the 1980s a man went to court and succeeded in pre­venting his ex-wife from using their frozen embryos to become pregnant. He maintained that after he and his wife had divorced, he no longer wanted to become a parent, and should not be forced to do so against his will.
In 1998, a divorced woman in New Jersey won a legal battle with her ex-husband over custody of seven frozen embryos the couple had created in vitro while still married. The wife wanted to have the embryos destroyed, while the ex-husband argued his right to adopt his own embryos to be implanted in a future part­ner or donated to an infertile couple.
Should the husband or wife who wins custody of frozen embryos be allowed to destroy them, against the wishes of the ex-husband or ex-wife? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 29

Match the following definitions with the terms they define:
A procedure used to reveal the presence of a disease-causing gene or genes.
a. genetic discrimination
b. gene therapy
c. genetic engineering
d. genetic testing

Question 30

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Name four types of adoptions.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 31

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
A surrogate arrangement in which the surrogate mother is not genetically related to the child she will carry.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Question 32

Complete the activities and answer the questions that follow.
Visit the Web site for the Human Genome Project at www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml. What are three of the medical applications expected to result from the project or presently in use as a result of the project?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

Question 33

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
The process of manipulating the DNA of organisms to produce desired results is called _____.

Question 34

Your neighbor's daughter, who is 16, has made an appoint­ment to see a physician in the clinic where you work as a medical assistant. You have assisted the physician with the examination of the girl, and he has determined that she is pregnant.
The patient's mother telephones you at home, demanding to know why her daughter saw the physician. What do you tell her?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 35

Reproductive science has progressed so rapidly that laws have not kept pace. For example, in 1996, a couple lost their adult, sin­gle daughter, Julie, to leukemia. Before her death, Julie had paid a fertility clinic to harvest and freeze several of her eggs. When Julie died, her parents inherited the frozen eggs, along with Julie's furniture and other material possessions. Julie's parents then paid a surrogate mother to carry one of Julie's implanted eggs, fertilized by a sperm donor. Julie's parents did not plan to raise their grandchild themselves.
"This field [reproductive medicine] is screaming for oversight, regula­tion and control," Arthur Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, told The Washington Post in 1998 when asked about the above scenario. "If you are going to make babies in new and novel ways, you have to be sure it's in the interest of the baby."
In your opinion, how should the child's parents have been determined in the above scenario? (The surrogate mother miscarried.)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, health care practition­ers and parents should share the responsibility for decision making involving the medical care of young patients. Practitioners should seek the informed permission of parents before medical interventions (except in emergencies when parents cannot be contacted), and the informed permission of parents should include all of the elements of standard informed consent.
However, the Academy acknowledges that in our pluralistic society, the many religious, social, cultural, and philosophical positions on what constitutes acceptable child rearing and child welfare often makes this shared decision making difficult. The law generally provides parents with wide discretionary authority in raising their children, but health care practitioners know that par­ents are sometimes guilty of child abuse and neglect. Therefore, providers of health care services to children have to carefully balance the rights of their young patients with the family's rights to raise their children as they see fit.

Question 36

Visit the patients' Web site for the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) at www.asrm.org/Patients/mainpati.html. Under "Frequently Asked Questions" (FAQ), how does the ASRM define infertility ? List two other frequently asked questions and their answers.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

Question 37

Match the following definitions with the terms they define:
The manipulation of DNA to produce desired results in organisms.
a. genetic discrimination
b. gene therapy
c. genetic engineering
d. genetic testing

Question 38

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Explain why stem cells are valued for certain types of scientific research.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 39

At four, Bobby had had two bone marrow transplants to treat a genetic metabolic disorder called Hurler syndrome. Back in the hospital, his kidneys were failing, and his body was painfully swollen from an accumulation of fluids. Steroids had turned the boy's skin bright pink, and multisystem organ failure required the use of machines to keep him somewhat stable. Clearly, aggressive medical care was keeping Bobby alive. Bobby's mother proudly remarked often that he was "a fighter."
If the parents seem unable to make the decision to take Bobby off the life-sustaining machines, what would you do, as a health care practitioner involved in Bobby's care?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 40

Visit the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Web site for teens at www.teenwire.com. Briefly summarize the topics available there. In your opinion, does the site promote valid health care issues? Why or why not? The site is controversial. Comment on why you think this is so.
________________________________________
________________________________________

Question 41

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Define genetic discrimination.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 42

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Under existing Child Abuse Amendments, physicians may, with the consent of parents, withhold treatment for those infants who
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 43

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Define the doctrine of parens patriae.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 44

At four, Bobby had had two bone marrow transplants to treat a genetic metabolic disorder called Hurler syndrome. Back in the hospital, his kidneys were failing, and his body was painfully swollen from an accumulation of fluids. Steroids had turned the boy's skin bright pink, and multisystem organ failure required the use of machines to keep him somewhat stable. Clearly, aggressive medical care was keeping Bobby alive. Bobby's mother proudly remarked often that he was "a fighter."
Above all, what should health care practitioners bear in mind when treating children?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Minors should be strongly encouraged to discuss pregnancies with parents. Health care practitioners should know the law in their states on parental involvement to ensure that procedures are consistent with legal obligations. Health care practitioners can explain how parental involvement may be helpful and that most parents are understanding and supportive. When a minor seems especially concerned about involving parents, health care practitioners should determine whether or not the minor's reluctance is due to misperceptions about the consequences of parental involvement.
Health care practitioners should not feel compelled to require minors to involve their parents. Minors should be encouraged to seek the counsel of those adults they trust, if parents are not going to be involved.

Question 45

Match the following definitions with the terms they define:
A person's being treated differently than others because of his or her genetic makeup.
a. genetic discrimination
b. gene therapy
c. genetic engineering
d. genetic testing

Question 46

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
The use of a husband's sperm to fertilize his wife's eggs.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Question 47

Your neighbor's daughter, who is 16, has made an appoint­ment to see a physician in the clinic where you work as a medical assistant. You have assisted the physician with the examination of the girl, and he has determined that she is pregnant.
When the patient learns she is pregnant, she tearfully requests information about an abortion. What are you and the girl's physician allowed to tell her-both legally and ethically? Based on your personal values, what would you tell the girl?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 48

Match the following definitions with the terms they define:

Question 49

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Define genetics.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 50

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Define cloning.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 51

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
What is the purpose of "safe haven" laws?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 52

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Parens patriae is the basis for the _____ consideration.

Question 53

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

Question 54

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
The science that studies inherited traits (heredity).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 55

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Name and briefly define five methods of gene therapy.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 56

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
What are "safe haven" laws designed to prevent?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 57

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Federal regulations concerning severely disabled newborns take their authority from which federal regulation?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 58

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Define DNA.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 59

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Define cloning.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 60

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
An arrangement between an infertile couple and a woman who agrees to carry their child to term.
a. homologous artificial insemination
b. traditional surrogacy
c. artificial insemination
d. heterologous artificial insemination
e. gestational surrogacy
f. in vitro fertilization
g. surrogacy

Question 61

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
Teenagers classified as _____ or _____ can generally make their own health care decisions.

Question 62

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
The thread-like structures inside cell nuclei that are composed of DNA and carry an organism's genes._____

Question 63

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Define infertility.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 64

Give the term that is defined by each phrase.
Define the term mature minor.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 65

Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
A physician or other health care practitioner who treats a minor without parental consent risks being charged with _____.