Deck 7: The Emergence of Modern Science

Question 1

The traditions of the learned societies:

A) provided criteria for scientific value by a community of scientists.
B) provided a cooperating link between the Church and the universities.
C) continued to advocate secrecy in scientific research.
D) eventually merged with the universities.
E) were most open in Italy.

Answer 1

provided criteria for scientific value by a community of scientists.

Question 2

Perhaps the major scientific event of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was the:

A) founding of universities.
B) end of the Inquisition.
C) success of empiricism.
D) triumph of Scholasticism.
E) introduction of deductive methods.

Answer 2

success of empiricism.

Question 3

A major implication of Spinoza's views left human activity determined by:

A) God.
B) human reason.
C) natural laws.
D) individual desires.
E) personal seeking of perfection.

Answer 3

natural laws.

Question 4

Newton's mechanical conceptualization of the universe:

A) was based upon speculative logic.
B) accepted the possibility of orderly, mechanical relations governing all of nature.
C) was at odds with the work of Kepler.
D) was the product of careful deduction after limited observation.
E) proposed dynamic, often spontaneous occurrences of events in the universe.

Question 5

The success of post-Renaissance empiricism:

A) was based upon careful deduction.
B) provided a model for psychology to follow.
C) received strong support from the work of Copernicus.
D) was confined to Italian scientists.
E) was based upon speculative scientific approaches.

Question 6

Statistical probability distributions were described by:

A) Robert Boyle.
B) William Harvey.
C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
D) Marcello Malpigi.
E) Blaise Pascal.

Question 7

The mind-body relationship for Spinoza:

A) is actually different aspects of the same unified substance.
B) is exactly as Plato defined it.
C) is a dualism characterized by psychophysical interaction.
D) does not exist.
E) is defined physically.

Question 8

Blood exchange between arteries and veins was discovered by:

A) Robert Boyle.
B) William Harvey.
C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
D) Marcello Malpigi.
E) Blaise Pascal.

Question 9

The formation of learned societies of scientists was necessary because:

A) the national governments wanted to consult scholarly associations.
B) the universities could not support laboratories.
C) the universities were controlled by governments and the Church, and did not readily accept empirical study.
D) scientists needed to form an underground against the Inquisition.
E) revolutions and religious wars closed most European universities.

Question 10

Descartes argued that God:

A) does not exist.
B) exerts personal direction over each life.
C) is known innately by the mind and allows us to sense the order of nature.
D) is impersonal and synonymous with nature.
E) is really in ourselves.

Question 11

Francis Bacon accepted the validity of scientific observations if:

A) deduction was carefully used.
B) the individual scientist was objective.
C) careful a priori assumptions were developed.
D) a consensus of scientists agreed about the observations.
E) they were appropriately related to metaphysics.

Question 12

Descartes' first principle asserted that:

A) God exists.
B) nature is ordered.
C) our senses are unreliable.
D) we learn the dimensions of time and space.
E) we have knowledge of ourselves.

Question 13

The major motivational aspect of Spinoza's psychology was based upon:

A) striving for perfection.
B) human reason.
C) empirical studies of human behavior.
D) a biological predisposition toward self-preservation.
E) emotional desires.

Question 14

The circulation of the blood was explained by:

A) Robert Boyle.
B) William Harvey.
C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
D) Marcello Malpigi.
E) Blaise Pascal.

Question 15

Spinoza argued that God:

A) does not exist.
B) exerts personal direction over each individual life.
C) is known innately by the mind and allows us to sense the order of nature.
D) is impersonal and synonymous with nature.
E) is really in ourselves.

Question 16

The mind-body relationship for Descartes:

A) is actually different aspects of the same unified substance.
B) is exactly as Plato defined it.
C) is a dualism characterized by psychophysical interaction.
D) does not exist.
E) is defined physically.

Question 17

Despite the empirical advances in the natural sciences, psychology was not ready to pursue scientific study because:

A) the Church would not allow it.
B) the learned societies were not convinced of psychology's importance.
C) the new understanding of physiology made psychology unnecessary.
D) observation of human activity was impossible.
E) of the problem of common agreement about the nature of human activity.

Question 18

The advances in physiological knowledge:

A) confirmed the benefits of empirical approaches.
B) indicated that the heart was the organ of human thinking.
C) indicated that the blood carried the spirits of life.
D) came from careful speculation.
E) were fully approved by the Church.

Question 19

Newton's reasoning underlying his empirical work:

A) was based upon the guiding logic of deduction.
B) suggested that causal explanations of observed events may go beyond the level of observations.
C) suggested that the same causes are responsible for the same observations.
D) suggested that human activity is governed by God's will.
E) left little room for systematic observation.

Question 20

The scientific writings of Francis Bacon questioned the use of:

A) a priori assumptions.
B) inductive methods.
C) observations.
D) laboratories.
E) Aristotle's entire logic.

Question 21

As the first modern philosopher, Descartes defined psychology as:

A) the study of the mind.
B) in terms of physiology.
C) the most important science.
D) an empirical science.
E) known only through self-reflection.

Question 22

Descartes taught that human experience is derived:

A) solely from sensory knowledge of the physical world.
B) from both a physical level and a spiritual level.
C) solely from the level of mental self-reflection.
D) from God and nature.
E) from social interactions.