Deck 13: The Founding of Modern Psychology

Question 1

The zeitgeist for the emergence of a separate discipline of psychology was prepared during the nineteenth century by:

A) the philosophical tradition of Britain.
B) the success of post-Renaissance empiricism.
C) the support of national governments.
D) the support of church authorities.
E) the final triumph of deductive logic.

Answer 1

the success of post-Renaissance empiricism.

Question 2

A major goal of structural psychology was to:

A) determine the elements of consciousness.
B) describe psychic processes.
C) analyze the phenomena of consciousness.
D) determine the elements of mediated experience.
E) determine the stream of consciousness.

Answer 2

determine the elements of consciousness.

Question 3

The dimension of feeling, agreed to by both Wundt and Titchener, was:

A) strength-weakness.
B) pleasant-unpleasant.
C) strain-relaxation.
D) excitement-calm.
E) conscious-unconscious.

Answer 3

pleasant-unpleasant.

Question 4

The three-substance, six-color theory of vision was proposed by:

A) Helmholtz.
B) Hering.
C) Ebbinghaus.
D) Wundt.
E) Müller.

Question 5

Psychology emerged as a separate discipline in Germany because:

A) British philosophy was hostile to the study of psychology.
B) French philosophy was hostile to the study of psychology.
C) German philosophy was hostile to the study of psychology.
D) German philosophy was not in agreement with empiricism.
E) German philosophy readily accommodated empirical psychology.

Question 6

Structural psychology:

A) succeeded in establishing introspection as a valid method.
B) pushed psychology into science.
C) served as the guiding force of twentieth-century psychology.
D) resolved the difference between empiricistic and nativistic positions.
E) established the foundation of Gestalt psychology.

Question 7

According to structural psychology, thought must be accompanied by:

A) images.
B) sensations.
C) introspections.
D) past associations.
E) perceptions.

Question 8

Structural psychology accepted data from:

A) phenomenology.
B) metaphysics.
C) introspection.
D) common sense.
E) utilitarianism.

Question 9

Wundt extended Helmholtz's notion of unconscious inference to the creative process of:

A) introspection.
B) sensation.
C) perception.
D) apperception.
E) conscious inference.

Question 10

In structural psychology, consciousness was defined in terms of:

A) psychic phenomena.
B) mental passivity.
C) mediated experience.
D) associations.
E) immediate experience.

Question 11

Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology contained:

A) the justification for reducing psychology to physiology.
B) the justification for reducing psychology to psychophysics.
C) methodologies that were largely deductive in approach.
D) acceptance of various methods of empiricism.
E) a systematic justification for a new method of psychological inquiry.

Question 12

Hering, Georg Müller, and Ebbinghaus:

A) all succeeded in establishing systematic positions on psychology.
B) were act psychologists.
C) accepted the value of introspection.
D) were experimentalists rather than system builders.
E) were students of Wundt.

Question 13

Introspection as the method of structural psychology suffered from:

A) the self-reports of naive subjects.
B) too many stimulus errors.
C) the lack of consensus among introspectionists.
D) improper scaling techniques.
E) an extreme phenomenological approach.

Question 14

According to structural psychology, the primary mechanism in the combination of mental elements was:

A) sensation.
B) mediate experience.
C) immediate experience.
D) introspection.
E) association.

Question 15

Introspection as the method of structural psychology could be conducted by:

A) naive subjects.
B) any scientist.
C) psychological descriptions.
D) trained scientists.
E) only Titchener.

Question 16

The goal of analyzing memory as Fechner had analyzed sensations was pursued by:

A) Helmholtz.
B) Hering.
C) Ebbinghaus.
D) Wundt.
E) Müller.

Question 17

The subject matter of structural psychology was the:

A) analytic study of the adult human mind.
B) study of psychic phenomena expressed as acts and processes.
C) analytic study of mediated experience.
D) analytic study of higher thought processes.
E) analysis of sensations into stimulus dimensions.

Question 18

Titchener's views on psychology were:

A) consistent with American psychology of his time.
B) inconsistent with American psychology of his time.
C) more aligned with British psychological theories.
D) largely modified after he came to America.
E) responsible for the direction of twentieth-century American psychology.

Question 19

"Psychology as a natural science" implies:

A) the recognition of psychic phenomena of a dynamic nature.
B) a reliance on deductive methods.
C) the analytic study of variables under experimental scrutiny.
D) a reliance on nonempirical methods.
E) the equation of psychology with physics.

Question 20

According to Titchener, stimulus errors were:

A) improper scaling techniques.
B) chance variation.
C) psychological descriptions.
D) associations.
E) physical descriptions.

Question 21

A major goal of act psychology was to:

A) determine the elements of consciousness.
B) describe psychic processes.
C) analyze the phenomena of consciousness.
D) determine the elements of mediated experience.
E) determine the stream of consciousness.

Question 22

Wundt and Stumpf debated over the:

A) the use of introspection in the analysis of sensory experiences of tonal stimuli.
B) appropriate theory of color vision.
C) appropriate functions of the basilar membrane.
D) use of deductive methods of science.
E) benefits of positivism.

Question 23

The "imageless thought" controversy initiated by the Würzburg school:

A) seriously challenged the position of structural psychology.
B) seriously challenged the position of act psychology.
C) resolved the problem of whether thoughts are accompanied by images.
D) rescued introspection from repudiation.
E) found support in the work of Titchener.

Question 24

In act psychology, consciousness was defined in terms of:

A) psychic phenomena.
B) mental passivity.
C) mediated experience.
D) associations.
E) immediate experience.

Question 25

For psychology, Bergson's views on proper scientific methodology criticized:

A) phenomenology.
B) metaphysics.
C) intuition.
D) applied technologies.
E) natural science methodologies.

Question 26

Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint contained:

A) the justification for reducing psychology to physiology.
B) the justification for reducing psychology to psychophysics.
C) methodologies that were largely deductive in approach.
D) acceptance of various methods of empiricism.
E) a systematic justification for a new method of psychological inquiry.

Question 27

The individual person, studied in light of the meaning of historical contingency and change, was central to the views of:

A) Mach
B) Stumpf.
C) Bergson.
D) Avenarius.
E) Dilthey.

Question 28

Stumpf's views on psychology reflect the influence of:

A) Helmholtz.
B) Hering.
C) Husserl.
D) Wundt.
E) Brentano.

Question 29

According to Brentano, the highest level of psychical phenomena was at the:

A) representational level.
B) sensory level.
C) level of immediate experience.
D) cognitive level.
E) level of personalization.

Question 30

Mach and Avenarius were:

A) radical empiricists.
B) anti-positivists.
C) metaphysicists.
D) act psychologists.
E) opposed to sense validation.

Question 31

"Psychology as a human science" implies:

A) the recognition of psychic phenomena of a dynamic nature.
B) a reliance on deductive methods.
C) the analytic study of variables under experimental scrutiny.
D) a reliance on nonempirical methods.
E) the equation of psychology with physics.

Question 32

The Würzburg school served as a precursor for:

A) structural psychology.
B) act psychology.
C) Gestalt psychology.
D) applied psychology.
E) behavioristic psychology.

Question 33

Both structural psychology and act psychology:

A) established the benefits of the experimental method.
B) established the benefits of various empirical methods.
C) contained essentially the same definition and method of psychology.
D) succeeded in establishing contemporary psychology in a definitive way.
E) failed in establishing contemporary psychology in a definitive way.

Question 34

The major impact of Brentano's act psychology:

A) succeeded in a definitive model for twentieth-century psychology.
B) was its opposition to phenomenology.
C) was exerted through his students.
D) was its repudiation of empiricism.
E) was its essential agreement with structural psychology.

Question 35

The subject matter of act psychology was the:

A) analytic study of the adult human mind.
B) study of psychic phenomena expressed as acts and processes.
C) analytic study of mediated experience.
D) analytic study of higher thought processes.
E) analysis of sensations into stimulus dimensions.