Deck 12: Nineteenth Century Bases of Psychology

Question 1

Among his many discoveries, Sherrington found that critical inhibitory and excitatory actions occur at:

A) the cerebellum.
B) neurons.
C) synapses.
D) the spinal cord.
E) Purkinje fibers.

Answer 1

synapses.

Question 2

Rolando studied brain localization by using:

A) the method of extirpation.
B) reaction time.
C) pathological observations.
D) phrenology.
E) psychophysical scaling.

Answer 2

pathological observations.

Question 3

The speed of a nerve impulse was first measured by:

A) Müller.
B) Rolando.
C) DuBois-Reymond.
D) Helmholtz.
E) Golgi.

Answer 3

Helmholtz.

Question 4

In his experiments measuring the speed of a nerve impulse, Helmholtz:

A) used frogs only.
B) used humans only.
C) employed subjective reports.
D) measured reaction time.
E) measured perceptions.

Question 5

Müller's view of the relation between neural activity and sensation states that:

A) we are aware of our neural response, not environmental objects directly.
B) sensations are dependent upon environmental input.
C) we are directly aware of environmental objects.
D) the mind is an unnecessary construct.
E) they are synonymous.

Question 6

The investigative approach of Purkinje allowed:

A) reaction time measurement.
B) psychophysical scaling.
C) objective observations.
D) subjective observations.
E) the method of average error.

Question 7

The classic experiment on electrical reflex elicitation in a frog with a partially intact spinal cord was done by:

A) Galvani.
B) Golgi.
C) Gralath.
D) Rolando.
E) Müller.

Question 8

The ten laws of neural transmission, contained in the doctrine of specific nerve energies, were proposed by:

A) Rolando.
B) Helmholtz.
C) Müller.
D) Sherrington.
E) Purkinje.

Question 9

The scientists Golgi and Cajal developed techniques that allowed:

A) measurement of the speed of a nerve impulse.
B) the mapping of brain localizations.
C) the method of extirpation.
D) the formation of neural synapses.
E) microscopic examination of stained neural structures.

Question 10

Phrenology was the study of:

A) skull contours.
B) the speed of nerve impulses.
C) reaction time.
D) sensations.
E) specific nerve energies.

Question 11

The modern basis for the electrical nature of neural transmissions was proposed by:

A) Müller.
B) Rolando.
C) DuBois-Reymond.
D) Helmholtz.
E) Golgi.

Question 12

The Bell-Magendie law states that posterior and anterior roots of the spinal cord contain respective:

A) motor and sensory fibers.
B) sensory and motor fibers.
C) uni- and bi-directional fibers.
D) active and passive spirits.
E) sensory and Purkinje fibers.

Question 13

The tri-chromatic theory of color vision was proposed by:

A) Bell and Magendie.
B) Gall and Spurzheim.
C) Weber and Fechner.
D) Müller and Helmholtz.
E) Young and Helmholtz.

Question 14

Flourens studied brain localization by using:

A) the method of extirpation.
B) reaction time.
C) pathological observations.
D) phrenology.
E) psychophysical scaling.

Question 15

In his studies of touch, Weber found:

A) the two-point threshold.
B) synapses.
C) the method of average error.
D) the method of constant stimuli.
E) the method of equal judgement.

Question 16

Sherrington's integrative neurophysiology provided the physiological bases for:

A) psychophysics.
B) faculty psychology.
C) behavioristic psychology and reflexology.
D) the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
E) the doctrine of unconscious inference.

Question 17

The difference between scotopic and photopic vision in dark adaptation is called the:

A) Purkinje shift.
B) two-point threshold.
C) tri-chromatic theory.
D) neural fade-out effect.
E) interneuronal synapse.

Question 18

The pioneers of phrenology were:

A) Müller and Helmholtz.
B) Weber and Fechner.
C) Gall and Spurzheim.
D) Bell and Magendie.
E) Helmholtz and Purkinje.

Question 19

Flourens's method of extirpation involved:

A) electrical stimulation during post-mortem examination.
B) stimulating the muscles of decorticated frogs.
C) clinical observations of pathological cases.
D) loss and recovery of function following surgery.
E) measuring reaction time to stimuli.

Question 20

The distinction between sensory and motor nerves was initially demonstrated by:

A) Müller and Helmholtz.
B) Weber and Fechner.
C) Helmholtz and Purkinje.
D) Bell and Magendie.
E) Romanes and Morgan.

Question 21

To explain certain perceptual phenomenon, Helmholtz suggested:

A) psychophysical scaling.
B) innate mental faculties.
C) ongoing sensations.
D) conscious inference.
E) unconscious inference.

Question 22

Helmholtz differed from Fechner in his emphasis on:

A) experience.
B) innate knowledge.
C) mental faculties.
D) neurophysiology.
E) psychophysics.

Question 23

As a movement in the development of science, psychophysics was:

A) synonymous with physics.
B) synonymous with physiology.
C) synonymous with modern psychology.
D) a precursor of modern psychology.
E) antecedent of modern psychology.

Question 24

The genetic theory to support evolution by natural selection was proposed by:

A) Darwin.
B) Galton.
C) Romanes.
D) Spencer.
E) Mendel.

Question 25

Fechner was opposed to:

A) science.
B) Weber.
C) materialism.
D) empiricism.
E) reaction time.

Question 26

Darwin's expression of his theory of evolution was based on:

A) empiricism.
B) deduction.
C) genetics.
D) speculation.
E) neuroanatomy.

Question 27

Galton's extension of evolutionary study included his work on:

A) evolutionary associationism.
B) mental inheritance.
C) genetics.
D) survival of the fittest.
E) animal behavior.

Question 28

The just noticeable difference (JND), according to Fechner, is the:

A) absolute threshold.
B) minimal detectable change in stimulus intensity.
C) maximal detectable change in stimulus intensity.
D) psychophysical equivalent of faculty psychology.
E) amount of sensory experience when the stimulus remains constant.

Question 29

The parsimonious convention in comparative studies, stating that the simpler explanation should be accepted, was proposed by:

A) Darwin.
B) Galton.
C) Mendel.
D) Romanes.
E) Morgan.

Question 30

Darwin proposed that species variation occurred by:

A) adaptive efforts of animals.
B) survival of the fittest.
C) chance.
D) genetics.
E) divine plan.