Deck 15: Fluoroscopic Imaging

Question 1

The ________________ is (are) found along the entire length of the image intensifier.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) electrostatic focusing lenses

Answer 1

electrostatic focusing lenses

Question 2

This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium and antimony compounds.

A) Input phosphor.
B) Output phosphor.
C) Photocathode.
D) Electrostatic focusing lenses.

Answer 2

Photocathode.

Question 3

Before the image intensifier, the operator may have worn _____ goggles to make it easier to see the dim fluoroscopic image.

A) blue
B) green
C) red
D) yellow

Answer 3

red

Question 4

The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by

A) making the image easier to see because it is brighter
B) making the image easier to see because it is bigger
C) allowing indirect viewing of the fluoroscopic image
D) making the image easier to see because it is brighter and allowing indirect viewing of the fluoroscopic image

Question 5

The __________________________ absorbs x-rays and emits light.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 6

The electrostatic focusing lenses have a ___________ charge.

A) negative
B) positive
C) neutral
D) changing

Question 7

The commercial fluoroscope was developed by

A) Rutherford
B) Edison
C) Newton
D) Einstein

Question 8

The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor as compared with the input phosphor is the

A) brightness gain
B) flux gain
C) minification gain
D) conversion factor

Question 9

This part of the image intensifier is made of silver-activated zinc cadmium sulfide.

A) Input phosphor.
B) Output phosphor.
C) Photocathode.
D) Accelerating anode.

Question 10

The image intensifier is located

A) next to the x-ray tube used for fluoroscopy
B) beneath the x-ray table
C) on a shelf just inside the room
D) inside the fluoroscopic tower

Question 11

The __________________ absorbs electrons and emits light.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 12

This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium iodide.

A) Input phosphor.
B) Output phosphor.
C) Photocathode.
D) Accelerating anode.

Question 13

The image intensifier was introduced in the

A) 1920s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 14

The _______________________ is bonded directly to the input phosphor.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 15

The electronic vacuum tube that converts the remnant x-ray beam to light, then to electrons, then back to light, increasing the light intensity in the process is the

A) x-ray tube
B) image intensifier
C) recording system
D) mirror optics

Question 16

The _____________________ is designed to set the electron stream in motion at a constant velocity, and is located very close to the output phosphor.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 17

___________ imaging is used to view the human body in real time, accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

A) Static
B) Still
C) Dynamic
D) Colorized

Question 18

Photoemission occurs at the

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 19

The original fluoroscopic image was very

A) dim
B) bright
C) clear
D) fuzzy

Question 20

This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and produces electrons.

A) Input phosphor.
B) Output phosphor.
C) Photocathode.
D) Electrostatic focusing lenses.

Question 21

The function of the fluoroscopic unit that maintains the overall appearance of the fluoroscopic image (contrast and brightness) by automatically adjusting the kilovoltage peak (kVp), milliamperage (mA), or both is

A) DQE
B) APR
C) ABC
D) AEC

Question 22

____________ is measured in cd/m2/mR/s.

A) Brightness gain
B) Flux gain
C) Minification gain
D) Conversion factor

Question 23

The formula to determine the amount of magnification created when in magnification mode, the formula is

A) MF = full size input phosphor / selected input phosphor
B) MF = full size input phosphor2 / selected input phosphor2
C) MF = selected input phosphor / full size input phosphor
D) MF = selected input phosphor2 / full size input phosphor2

Question 24

In fluoroscopy, shape distortion is caused by

A) angling the x-ray tube
B) angling the image intensifier in the fluoroscopic tower
C) inaccurate control or focusing of the electrons released at the periphery of the photocathode, and the curved shape of the photocathode
D) inaccurate control or focusing of the electrons released at the periphery of the photocathode, and the flat shape of the photocathode

Question 25

If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23-cm mode, the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of

A) 1.3
B) 1.5
C) 1.7
D) 2

Question 26

If the input phosphor measures 30 cm and the output phosphor measures 2.5 cm, what is the minification gain?

A) 8.3
B) 12
C) 69.2
D) 144

Question 27

A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image caused by the curve of the photocathode is

A) noise
B) pincushion appearance
C) vignetting
D) magnification

Question 28

The formula for brightness gain is

A) brightness gain = minification gain - flux gain
B) brightness gain = minification gain / flux gain
C) brightness gain = minification gain * flux gain
D) None of these

Question 29

Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of

A) 2-3 Lp/mm
B) 4-6 Lp/mm
C) 7-9 Lp/mm
D) 10-12 Lp/mm

Question 30

Distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is

A) noise
B) pincushion appearance
C) vignetting
D) magnification

Question 31

The diameter of the input phosphor typically measures between

A) 5 and 10 cm
B) 15 and 30 cm
C) 40 and 65 cm
D) 75 and 100 cm

Question 32

A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is

A) the image has less resolution
B) the image brightness is inconsistent
C) the patient receives additional dose
D) the image has increased noise

Question 33

Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has

A) noise
B) pincushion appearance
C) vignetting
D) magnification

Question 34

The diameter of the output phosphor is approximately

A) 1 cm
B) 2.5 cm
C) 5 cm
D) 25 cm

Question 35

The term that means an expression of the degree to which the image is made smaller from input phosphor to output phosphor. is the

A) brightness gain
B) flux gain
C) minification gain
D) conversion factor

Question 36

The formula for minification gain is

A) minification gain = input phosphor diameter / output phosphor diameter
B) minification gain = input phosphor diameter2 / output phosphor diameter2
C) minification gain = output phosphor diameter / input phosphor diameter
D) minification gain = output phosphor diameter2 / input phosphor diameter2

Question 37

When operated in magnification mode, the electrostatic lenses have ________ of a negative charge.

A) less
B) more
C) the same amount as usual
D) one half

Question 38

Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved

A) brightness
B) spatial resolution
C) contrast
D) exposure

Question 39

Fluoroscopic imaging systems operate at: ________

A) 2-5 mA
B) 15-20 mA
C) 200-500 mA
D) Unlimited mA

Question 40

An expression of the ability of an image intensifier tube to convert x-ray energy into light energy and increase the brightness of the image in the process is the

A) brightness gain
B) flux gain
C) minification gain
D) conversion factor

Question 41

The _____________ is a diode tube contained in a glass envelope to maintain a vacuum, and is connected to the output phosphor of the image intensifier by either a fiberoptic bundle or an optical lens system.

A) television monitor
B) Vidicon camera tube
C) charge coupled device (CCD)
D) liquid crystal display (LCD)

Question 42

Typical television monitors are

A) 300 line systems
B) 450 line systems
C) 525 line systems
D) 875 line systems

Question 43

When the electron beam is sweeping the anode, if the electron beam and light from the output phosphor are incident on the same place at the same time, _____________ through the target to the signal plate.

A) x-rays are produced
B) the image is magnified
C) electrons are transmitted
D) light photons are transmitted

Question 44

A light-sensitive semiconducting device that generates an electrical charge when stimulated by light and stores this charge in a capacitor is the

A) anode of the camera tube
B) charge coupled device (CCD)
C) cathode of the camera tube
D) x-ray tube

Question 45

In image-intensified fluoroscopy units the method for viewing the fluoroscopic image is by

A) using a handheld device
B) looking directly at the output phosphor
C) using a television monitor
D) using a mirror-optics system

Question 46

The target layer is a photoconductive layer made of antimony trisulfide in ______ tubes.

A) x-ray
B) CCD
C) vidicon
D) plumbicon

Question 47

This recording system uses 70-mm or 105-mm film.

A) Cassette spot filming
B) Film cameras for spot filming
C) Videotape
D) None of these

Question 48

An electron gun can be found in the

A) television monitor
B) CCD
C) vidicon camera
D) television monitor and vidicon camera

Question 49

In terms of resolution, the weakest part of the fluoroscopic system is the

A) image intensifier
B) television monitor
C) camera tube
D) CCD

Question 50

Semiconductor capacitors made of metal oxide are components of the

A) camera tube
B) CCD
C) image intensifier
D) x-ray tube

Question 51

The CCDs electric charge from the capacitors is sent to the

A) output phosphor
B) television monitor
C) x-ray tube
D) image intensifier

Question 52

The purpose of the is to convert the electronic signal from the camera tube or CCD into a visible image.

A) image intensifier
B) fiberoptic bundle
C) television monitor
D) anode of the vidicon tube

Question 53

Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n)

A) line
B) image
C) pixel
D) electric charge

Question 54

The fiberoptic bundle or optical lens system is used to

A) deliver the image from the camera to the television monitor
B) record the fluoroscopic image
C) link the output phosphor and camera or CCD
D) none of these

Question 55

The television is capable of resolving approximately ___________.

A) 0.5-.75 Lp/mm
B) 1-2 Lp/mm
C) 3 Lp/mm
D) 5 Lp/mm

Question 56

When the electron beam sweeps the anode and travels back and forth across, from top to bottom, it is moving in a ___________ pattern.

A) sweep
B) brush
C) raster
D) rooster

Question 57

A face plate, signal plate, and target are all components of the

A) anode of the camera tube
B) charge coupled device (CCD)
C) cathode of the camera tube
D) x-ray tube

Question 58

A typical high-resolution monitor has

A) 825 line systems
B) 1024 line systems
C) 525 line systems
D) 2034 line systems

Question 59

The purpose of a beam-splitting mirror is to

A) view the fluoroscopic image on more than one television
B) reduce the intensity of the image from the output phosphor
C) allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy
D) all of these

Question 60

The recording device that "photographs" the image off of the output phosphor is the

A) cassette spot filming
B) film cameras for spot filming
C) videotape
D) flat panel detector

Question 61

Which of the following is true about the CCD used in digital fluoroscopy? I. The CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value. II. The CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion. III. The CCD has higher spatial resolution. IV. The CCD requires more radiation to create an image.

A) the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value and CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion only.
B) the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value and the CCD has higher spatial resolution only.
C) the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value, CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion, and the CCD has higher spatial resolution only.
D) the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value, CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion, and the CCD requires more radiation to create an image only.
E) the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value, CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion, the CCD has higher spatial resolution, and the CCD requires more radiation to create an image.

Question 62

What fluoroscopic feature allows the position of the collimator plates to be viewed on the monitor without exposing the patient to radiation?

A) last image hold
B) frame averaging
C) digital subtraction
D) electronic magnification

Question 63

A large fill factor refers to

A) the entire detector being filled with x-rays
B) the entire detector needing a large amount of x-rays to produce an image
C) a large area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays
D) a small area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays

Question 64

Digital fluoroscopy is improved by using

A) a vidicon camera
B) videotape
C) a beam-splitting mirror
D) a charge-coupling device (CCD)

Question 65

This allows the film to be divided into 2, 4, or more images.

A) Cassette spot filming with masking shutters
B) Film cameras for spot filming
C) Videotape
D) Flat panel detector

Question 66

More advanced fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector

A) to record the spot images during fluoroscopy
B) to record the overhead images following fluoroscopy
C) in place of the image intensifier
D) in addition to the image intensifier

Question 67

Which of the following recording systems require the x-ray-beam to be in radiographic mode?

A) Cassette spot filming.
B) Film cameras for spot filming.
C) Cine filming.
D) Flat panel detector.

Question 68

For detectors to produce high-quality fluoroscopic images, they must be able to

A) respond very quickly
B) maintain a large fill factor
C) have application-specific integrated circuits for noise reduction
D) all of these

Question 69

A fluoroscopic feature that automatically turns the x-ray beam on and off rapidly during operations is known as:

A) Pulsed fluoroscopy
B) Frame averaging
C) Intermittent fluoroscopy
D) Pulse rate

Question 70

Flat-panel detectors for fluoroscopic imaging can be the

A) cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector
B) amorphous selenium direct-capture detector
C) cesium and antimony direct-capture detector
D) cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector and amorphous selenium direct-capture detector
E) cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector and cesium and antimony direct-capture detector

Question 71

Frame averaging is

A) an operation that reduces overall patient dose
B) an operation that increases overall patient dose
C) an operation that reduces image noise by averaging multiple image frames together
D) an operation that reduces overall patient dose and an operation that reduces image noise by averaging multiple image frames together

Question 72

Which of the following is required in the indirect-capture detector?

A) Amorphous silicon photodetector.
B) Thin film transistor (TFT) array.
C) A scintillator that uses cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide as the phosphor.
D) All of these.

Question 73

Which of the following has a rectangular field of view and a wider dynamic range?

A) Conventional image intensifier.
B) Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier.
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 74

The difference between geometric magnification and electronic magnification is

A) geometric magnification is where the patient is placed closer to the x-ray tube to create a larger OID and electronic magnification involves the selection of a smaller field of view
B) electronic magnification is where the patient is placed closer to the x-ray tube to create a larger OID and geometric magnification involves the selection of a smaller field of view
C) there is no difference between geometric magnification and electronic magnification

Question 75

Which of the following is an advantage of flat panel detectors used in fluoroscopy?

A) Much lighter and more compact.
B) Produce a digital signal directly.
C) Less electronic noise.
D) 60 times larger operational dynamic range because they do not exhibit veiling glare.
E) All of these.

Question 76

The ability to adjust the size of the field of view without exposing the patient to radiation is known as:

A) frame averaging
B) last image hold
C) digital subtraction
D) virtual collimation

Question 77

Flat panel detector fluoroscopy units operate at what mA?

A) 2- 5 mA
B) 10-30 mA
C) 50-1200 mA
D) 1500-2000 mA

Question 78

What feature automatically adjusts the tube current (mA), voltage (kVp), filtration, and pulse width to maintain radiation exposure to the flat panel detector?

A) Pulsed fluoroscopy
B) Last image hold
C) Frame averaging
D) None of these

Question 79

The analog-to-digital converter

A) takes the video (analog) signal and divides it into binary language that the computer "understands."
B) determines the contrast resolution of the system
C) is necessary for the computer to process and display the image
D) all of these

Question 80

Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the conventional fluoroscopic chain and added

A) a different camera
B) an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
C) videotape
D) a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)