Deck 13: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

A(n)__________ refers to the subjective reaction an individual has to an object,event,person,or memory.

A) internalization
B) motivation
C) cognition
D) emotion

Answer 1

emotion

Question 2

William came home from work one night to find that his wife looked like she'd had a long day.Her face screamed "I'm angry," and she was very quiet.When he asked her if anything was wrong,he got a short,terse "nothing." Which part of his wife's emotional component was speaking louder than her words?

A) Physiological arousal
B) Expressive behavior
C) Affective iteration
D) Cognitive experience

Answer 2

Expressive behavior

Question 3

There are three primary components to the experiencing of any emotion.They are

A) conventional, preconventional, and postconventional components.
B) physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience.
C) conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components.
D) alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Answer 3

physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience.

Question 4

If you were to place your best friend in the middle of a dark room and then turn on the lights,his or her reaction might depend on what they saw.If they saw a knife-wielding killer coming at them,they might label this as threatening and experience fear.If they saw 20 best friend throwing confetti and yelling "Happy Birthday," they might label this as happy and then experience joy.The need to assess our surroundings before knowing what kind of emotion to feel is the basis of the __________ theory of emotions.

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter and Singer two-factor
D) Lazarian emotional wheel

Question 5

The Schachter and Singer two-factor theory states that __________ evaluation happens alongside a person's physiological arousal to create the emotion he or she experiences.

A) expressive
B) neurochemical
C) affective
D) cognitive

Question 6

The universality hypothesis of __________ supposes that facial expressions are understood across all cultures.

A) Carl Lange
B) William James
C) Paul Ekman
D) Charles Darwin

Question 7

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed a theory of emotions that suggested there are ___ different factors that contribute to the emotions we experience.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 8

Which of the following is one of the three distinct parts of an emotion?

A) a mood experience
B) antisocial behavior
C) physiological arousal
D) a dissociative experience

Question 9

What is the relationship between the terms "mood" and "emotion?"

A) A mood is part of an emotion, but an emotion is not part of a mood.
B) An emotion is a response to a specific stimulus, while a mood is a more general free-floating feeling that does not relate directly to a stimulus.
C) An emotion is part of a mood, but a mood is not a part of an emotion.
D) A mood has an affective component, while an emotion has an expressive and a physiological component.

Question 10

The brain's remembered response to experiencing an emotion is the __________ experience of an emotion.

A) cognitive
B) physiological
C) affective
D) expressive

Question 11

The __________ component of emotion refers to a heightened bodily reaction to a stimulus.

A) cognitive
B) biological
C) expressive
D) physiological

Question 12

According to the __________ theory of emotions,the mental and physiological components of emotions happen simultaneously.

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Zajonc mere exposure
D) Schachter and Singer two-factor

Question 13

13-year old Debbie is attempting to jump off of the high diving board for the very first time.Though she does not have a pathological fear of heights,the concept of jumping off of a ten-meter board is very stressful for her.As she walks to the edge of the board,her heart begins to pound and she gets goosebumps on her skin.These responses refer to the __________ component of an emotion.

A) expressive behavior
B) affective relay
C) cognitive experience
D) physiological arousal

Question 14

Emily is camping in the woods when suddenly her heart starts racing and her breathing increases.She isn't even aware that a bear has come out from behind a tree,but suddenly she begins feeling terror! Which theory of emotions suggests that our bodies' physiological changes can lead to the emotion of fear?

A) Plutchik's Emotional Wheel theory
B) Schachter and Singer Two-Factor theory
C) James-Lange theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 15

Which of the following theories proposed that the physiological experience of an event can cause a person to experience an emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Zajonc and the Mere Exposure theory
D) Schachter and Singer's Two-Factor theory

Question 16

Although languages may differ from culture to culture,the universality hypothesis of Charles Darwin suggests that __________ are uniform across different cultures.

A) body postures
B) facial expressions
C) vocal intonations
D) physical events (e.g., shaking hands)

Question 17

Which of the following book titles would be the most appropriate summary of the James-Lange theory?

A) "I'm okay, you're okay, we're all okay!"
B) "Why laughing makes me happy!"
C) "I will get angry if you irritate me!"
D) "Sadness: Bad timing to the extreme!"

Question 18

Which of the following facts about the James-Lange theory of emotions is true?

A) James was older than Lange, which is why his name came first in the theory.
B) James and Lange did not know each other, and proposed the same theory at the exact same time.
C) Lange was James's teacher, and he agreed to let James's name come first to forward his career.
D) James and Lange worked together for over 30 years before their theory was finally accepted in mainstream psychology.

Question 19

Which of the following researchers collaborated in the development of their theory of emotions?

A) Walter Lazarus and Robert Zajonc
B) Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
C) William James and Carl Lange
D) Stanley Schachter and Robert Plutchik

Question 20

Emily is camping in the woods when suddenly a bear comes out from behind a tree.At the same time as she becomes aware of how terrified she is,her face takes on a mask of fear,and her heart begins to race as she gets ready to run away.Which theory of emotions explains how the different components of emotions can happen simultaneously?

A) Zajonc mere exposure theory
B) Schachter and Singer two-factor theory
C) James-Lange theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 21

The part of the limbic system that is essential for unconscious emotional responses is the __________.

A) corpus callosum
B) cingulated gyrus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 22

How many emotions on the Emotional Wheel did Robert Plutchik consider to be "primary" emotions?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 12

Question 23

Which of the following is one of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A) The somatic division
B) The motor division
C) The sensory division
D) The sympathetic division

Question 24

It is possible to cause a monkey to develop a condition called psychic blindness by surgically removing that animal's __________.When this happens the animal will lose its fear of objects that might ordinarily cause terror and extreme avoidant behaviors.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) reticular activating system
D) medulla oblongata

Question 25

__________ is assigning the incorrect meaning to an emotion because of a particular physiological response.

A) Directional error
B) Misattribution
C) Emotional bias
D) Inaccurate exposure

Question 26

When researchers removed the amygdalae and parts of the temporal lobes from the brains of monkeys,those monkeys developed __________ blindness,which refers to the fact that they would not approach objects that would ordinarily frighten them.

A) terror
B) psychic
C) affective
D) emotional

Question 27

Based on your knowledge of the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg,which part of the brain would help with the reasoning of something like the Heinz Dilemma?

A) The prefrontal cortex
B) The transcranial pathway
C) The visual cortex
D) The rapid subcortical pathway

Question 28

Theorist Robert Plutchik proposed that the best way to understand emotions was to conceptualize them as existing in a three-dimensional figure that he called the emotion __________.

A) sphere
B) pyramid
C) wheel
D) cube

Question 29

When you get into your car,there are either two or three pedals on the floor (depending on the type of transmission that you drive).One pedal,the accelerator,makes the car speed up,while still another pedal,the brake,slows the car back down.In your autonomic nervous system,which division would be the accelerator?

A) The parasympathetic division
B) The stimulatory division
C) The sympathetic division
D) The innervative division

Question 30

The theorist who suggested that prior experiences of a stimulus can cause an exposure effect that primes us to react in a certain way to that stimulus in the future was __________.

A) Stanley Schachter
B) Robert Plutchik
C) Jerome Singer
D) Robert Zajonc

Question 31

The __________,located at the very front of the brain,is essential for the cognitive experience of emotions.

A) corpus callosum
B) prefrontal cortex
C) neocortex
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 32

In the movie "Speed," the characters played by Sandra Bullock (Annie)and Keanu Reaves (Jack)go through some very intense action,after which they find themselves ready to share a passionate kiss.Before that kiss happens,however,Annie says "Relationships that start under intense circumstances never work." In psychological terms,she is referencing the phenomenon of __________,which means we can incorrectly assign meaning to an emotion because of physiological responses or changes that we experience.

A) misattribution
B) directional bias
C) cognitive error
D) emotional mistakes

Question 33

Which of the following concepts underlies the placement of emotions on Plutchik's Emotion Wheel?

A) Emotions should be placed alphabetically around the wheel so it is easy to remember which one goes in which position.
B) Emotions should be placed on opposite ends of the wheel when they contrast each other.
C) One side of the wheel should refer to negative emotions while the other side should refer to positive emotions, but which emotion goes in which slot is not relevant.
D) Emotions all exist in the same intensity, which is why the Emotion Wheel only exists in two dimensions.

Question 34

The amygdala,a small structure in the brain that helps process the emotional significance of stimuli,gets projections from the sensory organs via the __________,which is the brain's message-directing center.

A) thalamus
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) pons

Question 35

Between 1949 and 1952,over 50,000 people in the United States of America,including the sister of President John F.Kennedy,received __________.

A) chemotherapy
B) prefrontal lobotomies
C) emotional disregulation therapy
D) neuroleptic medication

Question 36

A past experience of a stimulus can cause a(n)__________ effect,wherein the familiarity of the stimulus primes us to react in a certain way.

A) appraisal
B) repeated
C) affective
D) exposure

Question 37

Despite the fact that a prefrontal lobotomy can,in fact,help to reduce the intensity of emotions,it also has the side effect of

A) causing severe long-term memory loss.
B) interrupting motor skills in the legs and feet.
C) causing the hallucinations and delusions often associated with schizophrenia.
D) impairing a person's ability to plan or manage their life.

Question 38

According to the __________-appraisal theory of Richard Lazarus,if a person notices a particular physiological response,that person has to decide what it means before he or she can feel an emotion.

A) environmental
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) exposure

Question 39

The pathway that connects the thalamus to the amygdala and allows for rapid interpretation of stimuli so that the correct emotion can be experienced is called the __________ pathway.

A) trans-frontal
B) rapid subcortical
C) thalamygdalic
D) trans-cranial

Question 40

Of the following emotions,which was considered to be a primary emotion by Robert Plutchik?

A) Remorse
B) Love
C) Surprise
D) Contempt

Question 41

The nucleus __________ is an area of the brain underneath the frontal cortex that is involved in experiencing pleasure.Stimulation of this area in depressed people releases dopamine and triggers smiling and laughing.

A) cureleus
B) accumbens
C) abducens
D) chiasm

Question 42

On average,the expression of a true emotion will last approximately __________.

A) four seconds
B) two seconds
C) one second
D) one half of a second

Question 43

__________ units refer to the 46 unique movements involved in the facial expressions that indicate emotions.

A) Action
B) Motor
C) Affective
D) Emotive

Question 44

On one episode of the popular television comedy Friends,Rachel ran into some of her old sorority sisters.Even though she was only mildly happy to see these friends,she squealed with glee,ran to them,hugged,and jumped up and down in a foolishly comedic moment.Rachel's behavior here is an example of __________.

A) intensification
B) masking
C) deintensification
D) magnification

Question 45

Isn't it amazing how when you're in a really foul mood - angry at the world,one might say - that all of the bad drivers come out to get in your way? It seems like when you're just hot under the collar,people seem to know it and they drive badly just to irritate you more.Maybe,instead,you just notice the other bad drivers more when you're angry.This is an example of __________ processing.

A) affectively accurate
B) mood-congruent
C) cognitive parallel
D) emotionally stimulatory

Question 46

Some people believe that if you are angry you should express your feelings,because getting the emotions "out" will help them to go away faster.According to the work of Ekman and Friesen,what do you know about this belief?

A) They found that expressing emotions seems to intensify, not diminish, how we feel them.
B) They found that expression of anger only helps if the expression is aggressive. Healthy aggression, like pounding nails into a board or hitting a punching bag, is the best therapy for reducing anger.
C) They found that expressing emotions simply spreads them to others, but does not intensify or diminish them for ourselves.
D) They found that expressing anger does, in fact, help it to go away since it is no longer bottled up inside.

Question 47

According to research,who is better at flirting,men or women?

A) men
B) men, but only when they are with their friends
C) women
D) women, but only when they are with their friends

Question 48

__________ refers to showing no emotion,even though the person is actually feeling one.A good example of this would be the use of a "poker face" when playing cards.

A) Morphing
B) Intensification
C) Neutralizing
D) Masking

Question 49

Which of the following emotions would be most likely to stimulate activity on the right side of the prefrontal cortex?

A) Joy
B) Guilt
C) Anticipation
D) Anger

Question 50

At the recent funeral of her husband of over 50 years,Marcie kept a very straight face,thanked people politely for their condolences,and sat very still during the religious ceremony.Despite the fact that she was racked with sadness,she did not let these emotions show to any great extreme.This is an example of __________.

A) masking
B) rationalization
C) deintensification
D) denial

Question 51

While a polygraph test is often referred to as a lie detector,in truth it should be called a(n)__________ detector.

A) truth
B) facial feature
C) brain-wave change
D) emotions

Question 52

In general,which of the following groups can detect and interpret nonverbal cues the best?

A) children
B) women
C) domesticated pets
D) men

Question 53

In order to know whether someone is displaying a real emotion or a fake emotion,it is necessary to study the __________,or shape,of the muscle groups they are using.

A) syntology
B) phrenology
C) morphology
D) arkology

Question 54

"Turn that frown upside down,mister!" Maybe you heard this line from a grandparent at some point in your life.Okay,if you are a girl,maybe it was "missy," but you get the point! According to the __________ hypothesis,smiling can,in fact,cause you to become happier!

A) myographic stimulation
B) facial feedback
C) positive muscular
D) masking

Question 55

Which of the following physical changes is likely to be initiated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A) Increased pupil dilation
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Increased salivation
D) Increased digestion

Question 56

Which of the following people is likely to demonstrate a facial expression that is symmetrical,that is uses approximately the same muscle groups on both sides of their face?

A) Lisa, who is genuinely happy to run into her aunt while shopping.
B) Marcus, who is bored to tears by his boss's lecture but knows that his job rests on looking interested.
C) Mariposa, who doesn't really want to watch all 3 of her kids while her husband goes to the ballgame, but agrees to do it because it is father's day.
D) Sarah, who is angry at her boyfriend for coming home late but doesn't want to show it because they have a nice romantic evening planned.

Question 57

__________ processing is the selective perception of stimuli congruent with the emotional state of the person experiencing the stimuli

A) Mood-congruent
B) Affective
C) Cognitive parallel
D) Emotional mainstream

Question 58

Research into the universality of facial expressions has revealed which of the following phenomena?

A) Babies can learn to express happiness with a frown if their parents consistently model such expressions.
B) Higher animals, including chimpanzees and orangutans, use the same facial muscles in the same proportions as human beings when expressing fear, anger, happiness, or surprise.
C) Blind children who have never seen a facial expression will express emotions with the same expressions as sighted people.
D) In cultures where the expression of emotions is considered inappropriate, facial expressions differ significantly from cultures where emotions are more freely expressed.

Question 59

When you get into your car,there are either two or three pedals on the floor (depending on the type of transmission that you drive).One pedal makes the car speed up,while still another pedal slows the car back down.In your autonomic nervous system,which division would be the brake pedal?

A) The parasympathetic division
B) The inhibitory division
C) The innervative division
D) The sympathetic division

Question 60

When Harry and Suzette recently applied for the same job,they found out that they had interviews on the same day,in consecutive hours.As they sat making idle chitchat before the first interview,each wished each other good luck,shook hands,and smiled.Deep inside,however,each was really thinking that they'd like the other to do poorly so that the job would be more easily won! This process of showing one emotion while feeling another is called __________.

A) masking
B) muting
C) deceiving
D) affective re-expressing

Question 61

At a recent visit to his doctor for a yearly checkup,Marlon learned that his blood pressure was moderately elevated."I won't put you on blood pressure medication yet," the doctor said,"but I need you to lose at least ten pounds in the next six months.Otherwise we will have to use medication to get your blood pressure back down." In the next six months,Marlon lost 20 pounds.This is an example of __________ motivation.

A) approach
B) drive
C) avoidance
D) hedonic

Question 62

The main tenet of __________ theory is that a person should express emotions,such as anger,to prevent them from building up and exploding.

A) emotional expressive
B) catharsis
C) affective forecasting
D) deprivation

Question 63

Which of the following is a reliable predictor of happiness?

A) Parenthood
B) Optimism
C) Higher education levels
D) Physical attractiveness

Question 64

The process of emotion __________ involves the use of cognitive strategies to control and influence a person's own emotional responses.

A) rationalization
B) inhibition
C) disinhibition
D) regulation

Question 65

When he received his Psychology 101 exam back in class,Martin was somewhat satisfied to learn that he got an 84% ,or a grade of "B".Strangely,however,when he learned that the class average was an 87%,he started to feel less satisfaction with his own results.This type of comparison and its impact on our feelings about ourselves,is called __________.

A) the adaptation-level phenomenon
B) masking
C) relative deprivation
D) subjective well-being

Question 66

A(n)__________is an unlearned complex behavior with a fixed pattern throughout a species.

A) reflex
B) hedonic action
C) motivation
D) instinct

Question 67

The "feel-good,do-good" phenomenon suggests that people who are already happy are

A) more likely to be productive at work.
B) more likely to try to make other people happy.
C) more likely to be safe drivers and responsible citizens.
D) more likely to be helpful to others.

Question 68

The major foundations of __________ psychology suggest that the field should not only study maladaptive people but should also examine highly functioning individuals.

A) evolutionary
B) emotions
C) recalcitrant
D) positive

Question 69

Jason's wife Mitzi told him,"I think you should know that I'm pregnant!" After he regained consciousness and got some of the color back in his face,Jason started thinking about what life would be like as a father,imagining all of the joys and struggles that would be involved.Jason's process of imagining how he would feel about something that might happen in the future is called affective __________.

A) fantasizing
B) broadcasting
C) mulling
D) forecasting

Question 70

__________ is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

A) Emotion
B) Motivation
C) Wanting
D) Safety

Question 71

All emotions,by definition,have __________,which refers to a positive or negative quality or "tone."

A) affect
B) valence
C) mood
D) qualitative set

Question 72

Which of the following is not a reliable predictor of happiness?

A) Parenthood
B) Good sleeping and eating habits
C) Optimism
D) Faith

Question 73

Affective __________ refers to a person's imagining how he or she would feel about something that might happen in the future.

A) fantasizing
B) ruminating
C) forecasting
D) broadcasting

Question 74

The major precept of catharsis theory,the idea that venting our emotions helps to deflate them,has found what response in the research community?

A) Research has not supported the idea that venting can decrease rage, and in fact has found that venting can cause rage to increase.
B) Research has found that catharsis is only useful for men, since they get angry much more often than women.
C) Research has found that catharsis is only useful for children, since they don't have the vocabulary to express their anger in other ways.
D) Research has found that catharsis is only useful for people who live in individualistic cultures, and not those who live in collectivist cultures.

Question 75

Which of the following is not one of the types of motivations discussed by your textbook?

A) Conscious motivations
B) Unconventional motivations
C) Preconscious motivations
D) Contraconscious motivations

Question 76

The __________ principle states that people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

A) extrinsic drive
B) intrinsic drive
C) motivation
D) hedonic

Question 77

The emotion of fear appears to be controlled largely by the __________,even though it is possible for other areas of the brain to override (or mute)basic fear responses.

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Question 78

On Friday at 4:59 pm,your boss comes into your office and says,"I need to talk with you first thing Monday morning," and then walks out.Needless to say you are concerned that you have done something wrong,but using the process of emotional __________,you convince yourself that he just wants to talk about the process of the project that you've been working on .This way you don't have to spend the weekend worrying about what you may be in trouble for!

A) disinhibition
B) adaptation
C) defending
D) regulation

Question 79

Barbara works very hard at her job,hoping that her effort will pay off with a promotion within the next several months.Barbara's work is a good example of a(n)

A) avoidance motivation
B) approach motivation
C) mixed motivation
D) hedonic motivation

Question 80

A __________ is a fear that leaves people so terrified of a specific stimulus,or trigger,that it impairs their everyday functioning.

A) terror
B) valence
C) mitigated fear
D) phobia