Deck 9: Prediction for Secondary Prevention

Question 1

__________ is punishing offenders as an example to others with the express intent of having an impact on others who may contemplate breaking the law so that others will not offend in order to avoid punishment.

A) Specific deterrence
B) Incapacitation
C) Societal deterrence
D) General deterrence
E) none of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sentence severity is the most important factor in deterrence.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Celerity refers to the chances of being caught and punished for one's behavior.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The research approach that constitutes a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs is:

A) panel design
B) meta-analysis
C) perceptual design
D) cross-time design
E) none of the above

Question 5

Specific deterrence focuses on the activity of an individual who has already violated the law and seeks to prevent such an individual from committing future criminal acts.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of longitudinal research?

A) eliminates the differences between the areas under study
B) able to isolate when interventions and changes occur
C) costs can be spread out
D) ability to evaluate the time lag between the intervention and change
E) all of the above are advantages

Question 7

Studies find that offenders are very aware of the legal codes and changes in the law that could impact them.

Question 8

The findings from recent meta-analyses of the deterrent effect of sanctions show:

A) no deterrent impact
B) longitudinal and panel studies find a deterrent effect
C) cross-sectional studies show the greatest impact
D) a general consensus that deterrence works
E) none of the above

Question 9

The idea that executions increase subsequent offending is known as the punishment effect.

Question 10

Most of the recent panel analyses claim strong support for a deterrent effect of the death penalty.

Question 11

The overall research on perceptions reports:

A) certainty of apprehension appears to hold the most potential
B) severity of punishment has the most impact
C) celerity of punishment is the least important
D) both deterrence and experience are equally important
E) none of the above

Question 12

Andenaes defines deterrence as:

A) threat and punishment
B) influencing by fear
C) specific prevention
D) apprehension and punishment
E) none of the above

Question 13

Research on perceptions finds that ___________ has the most impact on behavior.

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) experience
D) peer behavior
E) none of the above

Question 14

The individual who claimed that more than 20 homicides are deterred for every execution in cross-sectional research was:

A) Gibbs
B) Ehrlich
C) Tittle
D) Andenaes
E) none of the above

Question 15

Longitudinal analyses look for changes over time, primarily due to shifts in law or criminal justice system activity.

Question 16

The two types of deterrence are:

A) general and special
B) incapacitation and punishment
B) general and specific
C) generic and incapacitation
D) none of the above

Question 17

The deterrence literature:

A) finds a strong argument that the law and sanctions have a major impact on offending
B) fails to find any perceptual factors involved in the law and sanctions that have any impact on offending
C) finds that celerity has a major role in determining the impact of both punishment and incarceration
D) fails to find any strong arguments that law and sanctions have any major impact on offending
E) none of the above