Deck 2: Research Methods

Question 1

"When a researcher correctly employs the principles of empiricism,(s)he guarantees that the information they acquire will be completely accurate." Which of the following is true of this statement?

A) This statement is true, because the use of empiricism helped eliminate all of the research errors caused by the use of dogmatism.
B) This statement is false because there is no way to guarantee with certainty that the information one gathers is accurate.
C) This statement is only true when you gather data from a very small sample of research participants, because then the chance of research error drops.
D) This statement is only true when you use a correlational design, but it is not true when you use an experimental design.

Answer 1

This statement is false because there is no way to guarantee with certainty that the information one gathers is accurate.

Question 2

During the months prior to the last presidential election,Wynn spent most of his free time at events supporting the republican candidate.He participated in the campaigning,went door to door in support of this candidate,and fully immersed himself in his goal to have the republican candidate elected.The day before the election he told his wife,"I just know that our candidate is going to win.Everyone says they are going to vote for him!" Wynn is very surprised the next day,however,when his candidate loses.Which of the following tendencies explains why Wynn was so sure his candidate would win?

A) The hindsight bias
B) The false consensus effect
C) The A-not-B error
D) The nature/nurture mistake

Answer 2

The A-not-B error

Question 3

The fact that our responses to certain stimuli are not consistent - that on a day to day basis people may not be as predictable as you'd expect them to be - illustrates which of the empirical challenges related to studying people?

A) People are different
B) People are biased
C) People are complex
D) People react to situations differently

Answer 3

People react to situations differently

Question 4

According to the principles of critical thinking,which of the following statements is the most accurate?

A) Good researchers do not blindly accept theories even when they seem obvious. They use scientific methods to question and examine those theories.
B) Research is only as good as the statistics used, so the research design we select is less important than the statistics we use to evaluate our data.
C) Research outcomes that are contrary to expectations do not add anything to the science of psychology, and therefore can legitimately be discarded.
D) The importance of our own opinion in research should not be underestimated, and it has a legitimate place as we interpret the data that we collect.

Question 5

Which of the following questions regarding the treatment of research participants is the most important for a psychologist to consider prior to beginning his/her research?

A) "Is it okay to required Psychology 101 students to be research participants so that I know that I will have enough data for my study?"
B) "How can I ensure that people participating in my study are treated fairly?"
C) "Is there some way of getting people to participate in my research without actually having to pay them?"
D) "How much discomfort am I permitted to cause my participants before my research will be considered an ethical violation?"

Question 6

When it comes to studying human beings,there are several empirical challenges that must be considered.Which of the following is one of the challenges mentioned in the textbook?

A) People are different, making it hard to generalize about behavior.
B) People are simple, making the use of advanced statistics useless.
C) People can be dishonest, making it difficult to know if you are getting real information..
D) People react to situations identically, making it difficult to determine variations in behaviors.

Question 7

What is the main difference between dogmatic beliefs and empirical beliefs?

A) Empirical beliefs are the result of experimental research, while dogmatic beliefs are the results of correlational research.
B) Dogmatic beliefs are the result of experimental research, while empirical beliefs are the result of correlational research.
C) Empirical beliefs require absolute acceptance without questioning, while dogmatic beliefs encourage consideration of one's own experiences.
D) Dogmatic beliefs require absolute acceptance without questioning, while empirical beliefs encourage consideration of one's own experiences.

Question 8

"Oh MAN," you complain! "I knew that I should have sold my stock in Google when it was over $600 a share! Now it is under $400 a share and I lost all of my profits." This kind of statement that suggests that we knew the right path to take after it is too late is what researchers call __________ bias.

A) extraneous
B) observer
C) hindsight
D) double-blind

Question 9

The rules or techniques that provide a framework for our observations are referred to as a __________.

A) strategy
B) construct
C) method
D) statistic

Question 10

The belief that people should accept the word of an authority figure without questioning or debating that word is called __________.

A) dogmatism
B) consensus
C) empiricism
D) cynicism

Question 11

One famous story from the history of psychology describes a horse whose trainer claimed that he could do simple arithmetic problems and had learned to spell words.What was the name of that horse?

A) Magical Ed
B) Clever Hans
C) Wondrous Wilhelm
D) Little Albert

Question 12

The false consensus effect occurs when a person overestimates ___________.

A) the extent to which other people share his or her beliefs and behaviors.
B) a researcher's ability to accurately anticipate what is going to happen in the future.
C) the importance of using random assignment to groups in a formal experiment.
D) the frequency with which we use an inappropriate research design to explore the question we are investigating.

Question 13

________,a German mathematics teacher,bought Clever Hans in 1888.

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Max Wertheimer
C) Wilhelm von Osten
D) B.F. Skinner

Question 14

Which of the following sports metaphors most aptly demonstrates the concept of hindsight bias?

A) Serving an ace
B) Monday morning quarterback
C) Hole-in-one
D) Grand slam

Question 15

It is difficult for psychologists to make generalizations about our behaviors from one person to another.This limitation of research describes which of the empirical challenges of studying people?

A) People react to situations differently
B) People are complex
C) People have hidden agendas
D) People are different

Question 16

Which of the following is a true statement about psychologists' susceptibility to hindsight bias?

A) Even properly trained psychologists can be biased when they interpret their data, and so they must be as careful as possible not to let bias affect their conclusions.
B) Properly trained psychologists are very aware of the possibility of hindsight bias impacting their research, and thus are able to eliminate this problem from their studies.
C) Proper statistical manipulation can offset the effects of any hindsight bias in research, so as long as a psychologist is properly trained in the use of statistics, hindsight bias becomes insignificant.
D) Hindsight bias does not refer to the errors that researchers make. It is a type of error that research participants make.

Question 17

Which of the following types of questions was too challenging to Clever Hans?

A) Simple arithmetic calculations
B) Spelling words
C) Calculating square roots
D) Geography questions

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the questions that a researcher should ask themselves before conducting a research study

A) "How can I use statistics to analyze my results?"
B) "Will I definitely be able to confirm my hypothesis?"
C) "What research strategies should I use to test my idea?"
D) "How can I guarantee that I obtain objective results?"

Question 19

The fact that human beings have various thoughts and feelings that affect their behavior demonstrates which empirical challenge related to studying people?

A) People are different
B) People react to situations differently
C) People are complex
D) People make mistakes.

Question 20

After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in 2005,many people come forward and said that they knew that the levees in New Orleans should have been built stronger,and that they just knew that a catastrophe like this was coming.In research this is known as the __________.

A) false consensus effect
B) hindsight bias
C) critical error
D) empirical fallacy

Question 21

Dr.Martinez is doing a research study examining the effects of a new headache medication on migraine pain.He decides to divide his participants up into four subject groups,each one of which will receive a different amount of medication to take when they have a migraine.The participants in group one receive a pill with 10 milligrams of the experimental medication,while the participants in group two receive a pill with 20 milligrams.Those assigned to group three receive a pill with 30 milligrams,while those in group four receive a placebo pill that has zero milligrams of the medication.Which of the subject groups is the control group in this study?

A) Group one
B) Group two
C) Group three
D) Group four

Question 22

Dr.Martinez is doing a research study examining the effects of a new headache medication on migraine pain.He decides to divide his participants up into four subject groups,each one of which will receive a different amount of medication to take when they have a migraine.He will ask them to write down their assessment of how much the pain has dropped on a ten-point scale an hour after taking the medication.What is the independent variable in this study?

A) The intensity of the migraine each participant has before taking the medication.
B) The amount of medication each participant takes.
C) The level of pain reduction reported by each participant.
D) The number of people who are assigned to each of the subject groups.

Question 23

In an experimental research design,the variable or condition that is manipulated by the researcher is called the __________ variable.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) subject
D) between-group

Question 24

Dr.Fishkill is conducting a research study investigating racism among high-school students.His research method involves sitting down with volunteer students whose parents have given consent,and asking them questions about their beliefs regarding race.Whenever he asks a question that might reveal some level of racism,he unconsciously cocks one eyebrow and lowers his voice slightly.As a result,his research showed that virtually none of his participants held any racist beliefs.What error has Dr.Fishkill made in his method?

A) He has allowed observer-expectancy effects to cloud his results.
B) He has failed to carefully observe his participants.
C) He has failed to control the environment in which the study was taking place.
D) He has failed to use random assignment of his participants.

Question 25

After the amazing case of Clever Hans was given a thorough investigation,a psychologist determined that there was a very simple explanation why this horse was able to demonstrate such amazing cognitive abilities.What was this conclusion?

A) Clever Hans had a genetic abnormality that had actually given him cognitive abilities never before seen in a stallion.
B) Clever Hans was not actually answering the questions he was being asked, but was responding to subtle unconscious gestures made by his owner.
C) Clever Hans had learned to answer questions as a result of rigorous training and tutoring, and was, in fact, answering the questions he was asked correctly.
D) Clever Hans was really a myth that people had come to believe even though nobody had ever seen him. This demonstrated the power of "word of mouth" when it comes to incredible stories.

Question 26

In order to test the effects of social pressure on conformity,Dr.Solomon Asch placed a research participant in a room with four other individuals.Those four other people worked for Asch,even though the real participant did not know this.In research terms,people who pose as research participants but are really working for the researcher are called __________.

A) independent associates
B) confederates
C) manipulators
D) participant-observers

Question 27

In an experimental research design,the variable or condition that is affected by the independent variable is called the __________ variable.

A) within-group
B) manipulated
C) response
D) dependent

Question 28

Dr.Martinez is doing a research study examining the effects of a new headache medication on migraine pain.He decides to divide his participants up into four subject groups,each one of which will receive a different amount of medication to take when they have a migraine.The participants in group one receive a pill with 10 milligrams of the experimental medication,while the participants in group two receive a pill with 20 milligrams.Those assigned to group three receive a pill with 30 milligrams,while those in group four receive a placebo pill that has zero milligrams of the medication.How many experimental groups are in this research study?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 29

An objective statement that is made as a result of direct observation is a __________.

A) hypothesis
B) speculation
C) theory
D) fact

Question 30

__________ are ideas that help us explain existing facts.

A) Theories
B) Hypotheses
C) Correlations
D) Empiricals

Question 31

A study in which each participant is exposed to several different independent variables is referred to as a __________-group experiment.

A) single
B) between
C) within
D) repeated

Question 32

What procedure can a researcher use to make sure that the various participant groups are kept roughly equivalent before exposure to an independent variable?

A) Snowball sampling
B) Double-blind assignment
C) Random assignment
D) Single-blind sampling

Question 33

Which concept is used in research to make sure that different scientists who are exploring the same concept are able to conduct a true replication of the original experiment?

A) Theories
B) Observer-expectancy controls
C) Operational definitions
D) Null hypotheses

Question 34

A study in which different groups of participants are exposed to different independent variables is referred to as a __________-group experiment.

A) single
B) between
C) within
D) repeated

Question 35

Why is it important to make sure that different participant groups are roughly equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g.,age,gender)before any independent variable is introduced?

A) Because it is important to treat all research participants equally so that they feel that they are not being manipulated.
B) Because research ethics forbid any experiment to take place when the participant groups are fundamentally different from each other.
C) So that no major differences between the groups unduly bias the results of the experiment.
D) Because it threatens the integrity of a within-group experimental design.

Question 36

When a scientist makes predictions about new facts based on existing theories,(s)he has created a new __________.

A) theory
B) fact
C) speculation
D) hypothesis

Question 37

After extensive investigation into the amazing abilities of Clever Hans,it was determined that he was not actually responding to the questions he was being asked,but rather was responding to the subtle facial and body gestures of his owner.Which psychologist made this determination?

A) Wilhelm Steckel
B) Oskar Pfungst
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Edward Titchener

Question 38

Dr.Martinez is doing a research study examining the effects of a new headache medication on migraine pain.He decides to divide his participants up into four subject groups,each one of which will receive a different amount of medication to take when they have a migraine.He will ask them to write down their assessment of how much the pain has dropped on a ten-point scale an hour after taking the medication.What is the dependent variable in this study?

A) The intensity of the migraine each participant has before taking the medication.
B) The level of pain reduction reported by each participant.
C) The amount of medication each participant takes.
D) The number of people who are assigned to each of the subject groups.

Question 39

Which of the following statements with regard to the story of Clever Hans is a fact?

A) Clever Hans was a horse.
B) Clever Hans had amazing abilities to solve complex mathematical problems.
C) Clever Hans's skills were the result of properly applied learning techniques.
D) Clever Hans's owner pulled off one of the greatest "scams" in the history of psychology.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of the scientific method?

A) The scientific method uses hypotheses to generate theories, but facts are not relevant because there is no such thing as a true fact. All facts are merely relative, and so they are not important in the scientific method.
B) The scientific method is concerned with facts and hypotheses, as we use the gathering of data to confirm or refute hypotheses. Theories are not relevant to the scientific method.
C) The scientific method is only concerned with facts, as anything else is merely a form of a guess.
D) Facts, theories and hypotheses all have very important functions in the use of the scientific method.

Question 41

Experimental research studies are more likely to be conducted in the _________,while descriptive and correlational studies are usually performed in the __________.

A) hospital setting; university setting
B) laboratory; field
C) university setting; hospital setting
D) field; laboratory

Question 42

In a formal experiment,the participants who are subjected to an independent variable make up the ____________ group.

A) comparison
B) control
C) experimental
D) outcome

Question 43

Russell is conducting a study that employs naturalistic observation of teenagers at a local shopping mall food court.He is observing their "flirting" behaviors,and hypothesizes that the better clothes a teenager wears,the more likely he or she is to be flirted with.As he makes his observations,one of his research partners notices that he does not pay attention to the teenagers who have less "nice" clothing nearly as much as he does to those kids who have a lot of trendy,fashionable clothing.Russell is falling prey to which disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

A) Blind bias
B) Observer bias
C) Hindsight bias
D) Double-blind bias

Question 44

In order to counteract the __________variable problem that affects correlational research,a psychologist might use the matched samples or matched pair technique.

A) construct
B) extraneous
C) third
D) random

Question 45

A single participant is to a(n)____________ as a large number of participants is to a(n)___________.

A) survey; experiment
B) laboratory observation; case study
C) experiment; naturalistic observation
D) case study; survey

Question 46

Famed primatologist Jane Goodall earned international notoriety for her studies of chimpanzees.Much of her research was spent observing the animals from afar without interfering with their day to day lives.This type of research,called __________ observation,is important because it allows observation of behaviors without interfering with or changing those behaviors.

A) case
B) naturalistic
C) laboratory
D) external

Question 47

If you wanted to get information from a very large number of college students about their drinking habits in a non-intrusive manner,which descriptive research method would probably be your best bet?

A) Naturalistic observation
B) A survey
C) A laboratory observation
D) A case study

Question 48

What is a technique that a researcher can use to avoid the observer bias effect when engaging in naturalistic observation?

A) Using matched observers
B) Using blind observers
C) Using counter-balanced observers
D) Using random observers

Question 49

__________ studies allow us to make predictions about one variable based on the knowledge of another.

A) Case
B) Experimental
C) Natural
D) Correlational

Question 50

When research participants are involved in laboratory observation,they often know that they are being observed.Why is this a potential problem for the results of the study?

A) It is impossible to be able to draw cause and effect conclusions about participants who know they are being observed. In order to draw cause and effect conclusions, the observation must take place in a naturalistic setting.
B) People may behave differently when they know they are being watched, and thus the results in the laboratory may be artificial
C) Participants' awareness of the fact that they are being observed is not, in fact, a problem for laboratory observation. It is a problem for naturalistic observation.
D) If people know they are being watched, they will make sure to do exactly what they think the experimenter wants. This is called demand bias.

Question 51

The best way to conduct descriptive research in a highly controlled setting is to use __________ observation.

A) correlational
B) naturalistic
C) laboratory
D) experimental

Question 52

In a formal experiment,the participants who are given no treatment or a treatment that is believed to have no effect make up the __________ group.

A) experimental
B) comparison
C) control
D) outcome

Question 53

In order to eliminate the third-variable problem in correlational research,which of the following techniques can a researcher employ?

A) Case studies
B) Placebo techniques
C) Random assignment
D) Matched samples

Question 54

Dr.Ayers conducts a correlational study examining the relationship between ice cream consumption and death by drowning.She finds that there appears to be a strong relationship between these two variables.Which of the following conclusions would be inappropriate for Dr.Ayers to make?

A) Eating more ice cream causes people to drown.
B) When people eat more ice cream there appears to be an increased risk of drowning.
C) When people do not eat ice cream, their risk of drowning tends to decrease.
D) It appears that the variables of eating ice cream and drowning are related to each other.

Question 55

If you were interested in studying the impact that child abuse has on people later in life,you would probably be unable to use an experiment because this is an independent variable that could not be ethically manipulated.Instead,you might find a small number of people who had suffered abuse as children,and gather as much information as you could about them (with their consent,of course).This kind of research that involves gathering a lot of information about one or a few participants is called a __________ study.

A) case
B) retrospective
C) protagonistic
D) survey

Question 56

What is the main distinction of using a descriptive research design as compared to a correlational or experimental design?

A) Descriptive studies allow researchers to use different types of statistics, which opens the field of psychology up to research questions that cannot be explored with other designs.
B) Descriptive studies enable researchers to observe and describe behaviors without investigating the relationship between specific variables.
C) Descriptive studies allow researchers to gather data from far fewer participants so that cause and effect relationship can be determined in less time.
D) Descriptive studies, unlike correlational or experimental designs, do not require actual human participants for data gathering.

Question 57

All but which of the following are examples of descriptive research designs?

A) Naturalistic observation
B) Case study
C) Surveys
D) Experimentation

Question 58

Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget conducted rigorous observations of his own children as they grew up,and that is what formed the basis for his stage theory of cognitive development.From a research perspective,Piaget conducted a(n)__________.

A) laboratory observation
B) experiment
C) correlational study
D) case study

Question 59

Dr.Kochkodin wants to do a research study where he will be able to determine if changes in room temperature cause changes in exam score among undergraduate psychology students.What sort of research design is he most likely to use?

A) A correlational study
B) An experimental study
C) A case study
D) Naturalistic observation

Question 60

What is the main difference between an experiment and a correlational study?

A) A correlational study involves the manipulation of variables, while an experiment does not.
B) An experiment looks at the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while a correlational study looks at the relationship between within-group and between-group variables.
C) An experiment involves the manipulation of variables, while a correlational study does not.
D) A correlational study looks at the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while an experiment looks at the relationship between within-group and between-group variables.

Question 61

Which measure of central tendency refers to the arithmetic average of a group of numbers or values?

A) Mode
B) Mean
C) Variance
D) Median

Question 62

In order to conduct survey research in a way that will give the best chance to make generalizations beyond those surveyed,a researcher should give their survey to a wide sample of people from a larger population.__________ sampling is a technique that helps ensure the variety within a sample that helps ensure that it is representative of a larger population.

A) random
B) distributed
C) snowball
D) selective

Question 63

Dr.Hobbes is conducting research that investigates the frequency with which people eat at fast food restaurants.He asks 250 different participants a series of 45 questions,some of which have words like "unhealthy," "fat-containing," and "high-cholesterol" in them.What is a potential problem with Dr.Hobbes's study?

A) Some participants may answer questions dishonestly if the questions are worded in a way that makes them feel like their true answers are socially unacceptable.
B) Dr. Hobbes should not be the one asking the questions, since there is too much room for observer bias. He should have a graduate student ask the questions instead.
C) Surveys can only be conducted on 10 or fewer participants, so Dr. Hobbes's use of 250 participants is a violation of survey design rules.
D) Surveys must have a minimum of 50 questions in order to be statistically sound.

Question 64

A __________-report method is a form of data collection in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state.They are usually conducted in the form of questionnaires or interviews.

A) self
B) reflective
C) interactive
D) first-person

Question 65

Which of the following research studies would take place "in the field?"

A) Dr. Spinnozza has participants come to his laboratory so that he can ask them questions about the pictures of faces of different individuals.
B) Dr. Buchman shows participants a short video of a television commercial in his office, and then asks them questions about their memory of the products advertised.
C) Dr. Martino watches children through a two-way mirror, and makes observations about their aggressive and cooperative behaviors.
D) Dr. Adeshak observes students in the local university "union," and makes a study of the hours when students are likeliest to be drinking coffee.

Question 66

Which of the following is one of the two types of statistics that researchers use to analyze the data that they collect?

A) Inferential statistics
B) Referential statistics
C) Binomial statistics
D) Cyclical statistics

Question 67

Your textbook presents three different types of descriptive statistics.Which of the following is,in fact,an example of an inferential statistic?

A) Measures of normal and skewed distributions
B) Measures of central tendency
C) Measures of variability
D) Frequency distributions

Question 68

The measure of __________ refers to the degree to which the numbers in a data set differ from one another and from the overall average (or mean)of that data set.

A) extremeness
B) outliers
C) difference
D) variability

Question 69

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-II)is a 567-question self-report assessment tool that psychologists use to gather information about various parts of an individual's character and psychological make-up.The MMPI-II could best be described as what type of research tool?

A) An experiment
B) A survey
C) A laboratory observation
D) A case study

Question 70

Professor Spiegelman's introduction to psychology class has 19 students.On the first exam,the students produce the following set of scores: 100,100,97,97,92,86,86,85,81,80,76,72,72,72,71,68,62,59,and 48.What is the range on this exam?

A) 52
B) 100
C) 100.48
D) 0

Question 71

One problem that exists when a researcher uses surveys and questionnaires is that the data they collect may not be accurate.As your author points out,even if a respondent is "unfailingly honest" and has no intent to provide answers that are untrue,why might their responses still be inaccurate or incomplete?

A) Because there are some questions that cannot be asked via the use of a survey or questionnaire.
B) Because all questionnaires and surveys, regardless of their purpose, are biased against certain types of respondents.
C) Because the people assessing the answers provided on a survey or questionnaire may make mistakes in how the score the responses.
D) Because even very honest people don't have completely objective views of their own behaviors.

Question 72

Professor Spiegelman's introduction to psychology class has 19 students.On the first exam,the students produce the following set of scores: 100,100,97,97,92,86,86,85,81,80,76,72,72,72,71,68,62,59,and 48.What is the median score on this exam?

A) 100
B) 92
C) 80
D) 72

Question 73

Lakisha's 5th grade class is having an election to decide who will be the new "class president." There are five students running for the office.Out of 25 students,9 vote for Lakisha,6 vote for Mary,6 vote for Michael,2 vote for Allison,and 2 vote for Barry.In statistical terms,which student received the "mode" votes?

A) Mary
B) Lakisha
C) Allison
D) Barry

Question 74

Professor Spiegelman's introduction to psychology class has 19 students.On the first exam,the students produce the following set of scores: 100,100,97,97,92,86,86,85,81,80,76,72,72,72,71,68,62,59,and 48.What is the mode score on this exam?

A) 72
B) 48
C) 100
D) 80

Question 75

Melissa's car has a really cool electronic readout that tells her the car's fuel economy.The readout says "Average Miles per Gallon." In statistical terms,this feature is telling Melissa the __________ miles per gallon that her car gets.

A) mode
B) maximum
C) median
D) mean

Question 76

Why is it difficult to make generalizations based on the results of case study research?

A) Because a case study involves only one or a few participants, their actions may be atypical and not representative of a larger group of people or population.
B) Because case study research is, by definition, immune to the error of making generalizations. That is its greatest strength.
C) Because case studies involve far too many people to allow for generalizations. You would be better off using a research design that uses fewer participants.
D) Because the statistics involved in case study research do not allow one to draw larger conclusions about a population.

Question 77

Which of the following statements about laboratory studies and field studies is the most accurate?

A) Laboratory studies are always better because of their ability to control extraneous variables. The only time a field study should be used is if it is unethical to use a laboratory setting.
B) Some research questions can be explored in both a field study and a laboratory study to enhance confidence in the results that are obtained.
C) Laboratory studies and field studies each have certain advantages and disadvantages, which is why each research question can be explored in only one of the two types of settings.
D) Field studies are always better than laboratory settings because they give a more accurate assessment of people's behaviors. The only time a laboratory setting should be used is if a research question cannot be explored with a field study.

Question 78

Which of the following is one of the two types of statistics that researchers use to analyze the data that they collect?

A) Predictive statistics
B) Conscriptive statistics
C) Descriptive statistics
D) Computational statistics

Question 79

What is the median in a set of scores?

A) The average of all of the scores in the data set.
B) The most frequently appearing score in the data set.
C) The middle score in a data set.
D) The difference between the highest and lowest score in the data set.

Question 80

The difference between the highest and lowest numbers in a data set is referred to as the __________.

A) deviation score
B) standard deviation
C) range
D) variance