Deck 17: Corrections for Juveniles

Question 1

One of the rationales for treating juveniles differently from adults is that they have little responsibility for others.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Gang involvement decreased by the end of the 1990s, but has increased substantially since 2000.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The cost of custody in a juvenile training school is usually double that for an adult in prison.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The first and basic "essentials of due process" required by juveniles was determined in what landmark case?

A) Kent v. United States (1966)
B) In Re Winship (1970)
C) Breed v. Jones (1975)
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

Question 5

The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty for juveniles is unconstitutional , but a life sentence without parole is not.

Question 6

Conflicts between a child and an adult may promote delinquency as the child's way of "getting back" or unintentionally calling attention to the conflict.

Question 7

Age is a reliable predictor of recidivism.

Question 8

Which of the following is known to be an important predictor of delinquency?

A) Poor performance in school
B) Low socioeconomic status
C) Social interpersonal competence
D) All of these are correct

Question 9

Extremely serious juvenile crime incidents are rare.

Question 10

Girls are much more likely to be involved in status offenses than in other forms of delinquency.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the main tenets established during the juvenile court period?

A) Integrity
B) Informality
C) Intervention
D) Individualization

Question 12

For juveniles, the role of family is critical to the success of correctional efforts.

Question 13

Property crime by juveniles has decreased by about half since its peak in 1991.

Question 14

The most common sanction given today's juveniles is incarceration.

Question 15

During the juvenile rights period, the prevailing trend in juvenile justice was to treat juveniles who engaged in serious criminal activity the same way as adults.

Question 16

Regardless of how media portrayals, the everyday juvenile convicted of a crime remains unsophisticated and susceptible to change through appropriate programs.

Question 17

Most correctional professionals believe juveniles are more susceptible than adults to the influence of treatment programs.

Question 18

Juveniles in adult facilities pose a management problem primarily because of the large numbers of adults already in prison.

Question 19

Juveniles have a low rate of desistence.

Question 20

The logic behind juvenile diversion programs is based on the developmental pattern of delinquency.

Question 21

Assumptions about the "normalcy" of delinquency depend on how the misbehavior fits the juvenile's .

A) disposition
B) age
C) attitude
D) parents

Question 22

The first juvenile court was established in .

A) Omaha
B) New York
C) Los Angeles
D) Chicago

Question 23

Which Supreme Court case specified the "essentials"-notice, hearing, counsel, and cross-examination-required by Kent v. United States?

A) In Re Gault (1967)
B) In Re Winship (1970)
C) Breed v. Jones (1975)
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

Question 24

Which of the following has been shown to reduce juvenile recidivism?

A) Incarceration
B) Juvenile institutions
C) Community-based supervision
D) Laws that are tough on crime

Question 25

Since 1994, the juvenile crime rate has .

A) risen
B) decreased
C) exploded
D) remained static

Question 26

For many years, the most common juvenile disposition has been .

A) detention
B) aftercare
C) probation
D) diversion

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an institution for juveniles?

A) Foster home
B) Residential center
C) Reform school
D) Youth prison

Question 28

Which Supreme Court case established a standard of "beyond a doubt" for delinquency matters?

A) Kent v. United States (1966)
B) In Re Gault (1967)
C) In Re Winship (1970)
D) Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982)

Question 29

Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony believed the child was .

A) sweet and basically good
B) incorrigible
C) rude and crude
D) evil and in need of discipline

Question 30

Because juveniles tend to commit crimes in groups and are more likely to be arrested for their crimes, juvenile arrests than adult arrests.

A) are much more common
B) represent a larger proportion of total arrests
C) clear proportionately fewer crimes
D) represent more of a chronic pattern

Question 31

Research shows that juveniles are carrying guns than before.

A) fewer
B) more
C) no more
D) Research has yet to determine this statistic.

Question 32

An example of a status offense is .

A) vandalism
B) theft
C) running away
D) aggravated assault

Question 33

Which Supreme Court case established that jury trials are not required for juvenile court hearings?

A) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
B) Kent v. United States (1966)
C) Schall v. Martin (1984)
D) Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982)

Question 34

The first decision made in a juvenile court is to .

A) determine guilt
B) file a petition of juvenile jurisdiction
C) appoint a lawyer
D) assess culpability

Question 35

Which of the following seeks to avoid the consequences of formal processing?

A) Waiver
B) Adjudication
C) Diversion
D) Intermediate sanctions

Question 36

Levels of gang activity during the 1990s.

A) declined
B) remained stable
C) increased slightly
D) increased significantly

Question 37

Aftercare operates in a way similar to .

A) adult parole
B) adult probation
C) the House of Refuge
D) a minimum-security prison

Question 38

The juvenile corrections system supports decision making.

A) firm
B) discretionary
C) fixed
D) definite

Question 39

During the refuge period, the first institution where delinquent, abused, and neglected children could learn good work and study habits, live in a disciplined and healthy environment, and develop character was the House of Refuge in .

A) Pennsylvania
B) Massachusetts
C) New York
D) New Jersey

Question 40

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1988 requires states to determine whether the proportion of minorities in confinement their proportion in the population.

A) correlates with
B) relates to
C) underrepresents
D) exceeds

Question 41

During the period, reformers urged the creation of institutions where delinquent, abandoned, abused, and neglected children could live in a healthy environment, learn good work and study habits, and develop character.

A) juvenile rights
B) refuge
C) puritan
D) crime control

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Aftercare

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Status offense

Question 44

The public today calls for a approach to juveniles.

A) rehabilitative
B) lenient
C) get-tough
D) restorative

Question 45

of minority juveniles often stems from disparity at the early stages of case processing.

Question 46

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Dependent

Question 47

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Desistence

Question 48

The first juvenile court in the United States was created in 1899 in .

A) Philadelphia
B) New York City
C) Boston
D) Chicago

Question 49

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Parens patriae

Question 50

The Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law was passed during the period of juvenile corrections.

Question 51

Those who are uneasy and dissatisfied with the juvenile justice system's response to certain juveniles often favor an increased use of to adult court.

A) waiver
B) reassignment
C) relocation
D) disposition

Question 52

During the juvenile court period, the new juvenile court took the role of based on the principle of
parens patriae.

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Neglected

Question 54

Chicago's Little Village Gang Project found some success by .

A) encouraging youth to stay in school
B) targeting gun use by gang members
C) reducing the memberships of many gangs
D) promoting positive social behaviors among gang members

Question 55

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Delinquent

Question 56

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Waiver

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
Kent v. United States

Question 58

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires "essentials" of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act that would be criminally prosecuted if committed by an adult
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies "essentials" of due process
h. Ceasing from criminal behavior
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
In Re Gault

Question 59

Most gangs are .

A) violent
B) similar
C) nonviolent
D) brutal

Question 60

Programs that increase social interpersonal competence and decrease tend to reduce delinquency.

A) boredom
B) drug involvement
C) school failure
D) sexual experimentation

Question 61

Discuss the differences between the terms delinquent child, neglected child, and dependent child. Originally, which type of child was the juvenile system intended to focus on? Which type of child does it primarily focus on today?

Question 62

Describe the major historical movements that shaped the changes over time in how juvenile justice is approached in the United States.

Question 63

The Act is a federal law that was passed in 1988 that requires states to determine whether the proportion of minorities in confinement exceeds their proportion in the community.

Question 64

The alone is not enough to predict whether or not a juvenile convicted of a crime is someone whom society should fear.

Question 65

One of the most widespread new intermediate sanctions for juveniles is .

Question 66

The youthfulness of juveniles is a double-edged sword: they change more easily than adults but also have higher rates of _________.

Question 67

High-profile gang criminality and recent school shootings have ended the of juvenile correctional work.

Question 68

Compare and contrast the juvenile and adult correctional process. Be sure to highlight and address philosophical, procedural, and programmatic similarities and differences.

Question 69

As policy makers around the country rethink the get-tough approach to juvenile justice, a new policy ethic based on
is developing.

Question 70

Most gangs are not , and many gang members may actually engage in positive social behaviors.

Question 71

The term refers to the fact that many youths who fail in school end up in prison.

Question 72

Evidence-based juvenile corrections include an emphasis on in the community.

Question 73

The Elizabethan established the basis for officials to take charge of vagrant and delinquent children.

Question 74

One of the objectives of -based programs is to improve the academic performance of at-risk youth.

Question 75

A child is one who is not receiving proper care because of action or inaction of parents.

Question 76

Identify and discuss four distinct sanctions for juveniles. Discuss how these differ from adult sanctions.

Question 77

A(n) is the transfer of a juvenile to an adult court.

Question 78

When Americans are asked to identify the serious problems facing children, they cite and crime.

Question 79

Describe the major trends currently shaping the juvenile justice system.

Question 80

What do you think is the best reason for having different juvenile and adult correction systems? Explain your answer.