Deck 16: Biochemistry

Question 1

The name carbohydrate reflects

A) the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the molecule.
B) the ratio of carbonyl groups to total carbon content.
C) the ratio of carbon to the combined ratio of "hydrogen to oxygen."
D) the ratio of carbon to oxygen.

Answer 1

the ratio of carbon to the combined ratio of "hydrogen to oxygen."

Question 2

Cell nutrients and waste must pass through the cell

A) membrane.
B) nucleus.
C) ribosomes.
D) chloroplasts.

Answer 2

membrane.

Question 3

The substructures that distinguish plant and animal cells are

A) ribosomes.
B) nuclei.
C) mitochondria.
D) chloroplasts.

Answer 3

chloroplasts.

Question 4

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

A) fructose
B) sucrose
C) starch
D) amylose

Question 5

The primary chemical for the storage of energy in plants is

A) carbohydrate.
B) protein.
C) cellulose.
D) nucleic acid.

Question 6

Which of the following polymers is NOT made by plants?

A) amylopectin
B) amylose
C) cellulose
D) glycogen

Question 7

In cells, protein synthesis occurs on the

A) nucleus.
B) mitochondria.
C) ribosomes.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 8

An example of a disaccharide is

A) sucrose.
B) galactose.
C) dextrose.
D) cellulose.

Question 9

Which of the following elements is NOT found in carbohydrates?

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon
D) sulfur

Question 10

The series of chemical reactions that synthesize molecules for use by a living system is called

A) anabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) biobolism.
D) metabolism.

Question 11

In cells, primary energy production occurs in the

A) mitochondria.
B) nucleus.
C) ribosomes.
D) cell membrane.

Question 12

Chloroplasts in plants convert

A) light energy into heat energy.
B) light energy into electrical energy.
C) light energy into chemical energy.
D) heat energy into chemical energy.

Question 13

The molecular formula for glucose is

A) C₁₂H₆O₆.
B) C₆H₁₂O₆.
C) C₆H₆O₁₂.
D) C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.

Question 14

The monomer unit in amylopectin is ________.

A) glucose
B) mannose
C) lactose
D) sucrose

Question 15

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

A) erythrulose
B) fructose
C) starch
D) maltose

Question 16

From an organic chemistry perspective, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy

A) carboxylic acids.
B) aldehydes and ketones.
C) amines.
D) amino acids.

Question 17

The process in which molecules are degraded to provide energy is known as

A) anabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) energism.
D) metabolism.

Question 18

The polysaccharide that is in potatoes and cereal grains is

A) starch.
B) galactose.
C) cellulose.
D) fructose.

Question 19

The series of chemical reactions that keep living organisms alive is referred to as

A) anabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) biobolism.
D) metabolism.

Question 20

Animal starch is called

A) amylose.
B) amylopectin.
C) cellulose.
D) glycogen.

Question 21

A fatty acid is determined to have 12 carbon atoms. This fatty acid is probably from a(n)

A) synthetic source.
B) natural source.
C) plant.
D) animal.

Question 22

Fats and oils are examples of

A) ketones.
B) aldehydes.
C) alcohols.
D) esters.

Question 23

Iodine number is a measure of

A) the number of iodine atoms in a carbohydrate.
B) the number of iodine atoms in a fat.
C) the number of iodine atoms in a protein.
D) the degree of unsaturation of a fat.

Question 24

How many different tripeptides can be made that contain serine, glycine and phenylalanine?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 6

Question 25

Fats and oils are differentiated from each other on the basis of their

A) melting points.
B) densities.
C) glycerol content.
D) boiling points.

Question 26

Animal fats are

A) solids and have a smaller proportion of unsaturated fats.
B) solids and have a higher proportion of unsaturated fats.
C) liquids and have a higher proportion of unsaturated fats.
D) liquids and have a smaller proportion of unsaturated fats.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about essential amino acids is NOT correct?

A) Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body.
B) Essential amino acids cannot be incorporated into protein.
C) Essential amino acids must be part of the diet.
D) Some amino acids are essential for infants and children, but not for adults.

Question 28

The mass of iodine that is consumed by 100 g of a fat or oil is known as the

A) fat replacement number.
B) iodine number.
C) oil replacement number.
D) saturation number.

Question 29

Which of the following would have the lowest iodine number?

A) butter
B) corn oil
C) peanut oil
D) sunflower oil

Question 30

Proteins are

A) polyamides.
B) polysaccharides.
C) polysulfides.
D) polyamines.

Question 31

The bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond. What type of bond is a peptide bond?

A) amide
B) anhydride
C) amine
D) glyceride

Question 32

Unsaturated fats are often liquids called

A) hydrogenated fats.
B) oils.
C) triglycerides.
D) glycerol.

Question 33

The materials used in biochemical production of molecules

A) tend to be toxic, even at low concentrations.
B) are difficult to degrade.
C) work well under mild temperature conditions.
D) result in large amounts of waste being produced.

Question 34

Triglyceride is another term for

A) cholesterol.
B) protein.
C) blood sugar.
D) a fat or oil.

Question 35

A compound that has two fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule by ester linkages is a(n)

A) diglyceride.
B) fat.
C) oil.
D) triglyceride.

Question 36

A relatively small molecule with more than 10 amino acids is called a

A) polypeptide.
B) protein.
C) polysaccharide.
D) polynucleic acid.

Question 37

What functional group(s) is (are) contained in an amino acid?

A) -NH₂
B) -C=O
C) -COOH
D) both -NH₂ and -COOH

Question 38

What is a zwitterion?

A) a compound that carries two positively charged atoms
B) a compound that carries two negatively charged atoms
C) a compound that carries either two positively charged atoms or two negatively charged atoms
D) a compound that carries one positively charged atom and one negatively charged atom

Question 39

Using biochemical methods to make products has many advantages over more traditional methods. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of biochemical methods?

A) Reactions frequently use water as a solvent, and water is nontoxic and nonflammable.
B) Nonpolar products are difficult to separate from a water solvent.
C) Most biochemical reactions are carried out at mild temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
D) Enzymes can be used repeatedly to catalyze the formation of many molecules and thus generate little waste.

Question 40

Which of the following approaches has NOT been explored as an alternate source of gasoline?

A) Transformation of plant carbohydrates to form gasoline.
B) Engineering bacteria that can convert carbohydrates and carbon dioxide into gasoline.
C) Development of bacteria that produce hydrocarbon fuels.
D) All of the above have been explored as alternate sources of gasoline.

Question 41

The pleated structure of certain proteins, such as silk, is part of the protein's

A) primary structure.
B) secondary structure.
C) tertiary structure.
D) quaternary structure.

Question 42

Certain side chains (R groups) in amino acids are nonpolar. In the structure of a protein, nonpolar groups are generally found

A) on the interior of the protein structure, shielded from interaction with water molecules.
B) on the exterior of the protein structure, shielded from interaction with water molecules.
C) on the interior of the protein structure, maximizing their interaction with water molecules.
D) on the exterior of the protein structure, maximizing their interaction with water molecules.

Question 43

The secondary structure of a protein is determined by

A) the amino acid composition.
B) the order of amino acids in the protein.
C) the hydrogen bonding between atoms in peptide bonds that gives the protein a three dimensional shape.
D) the intertwining of protein molecules to form a "functional" protein.

Question 44

An organic molecule that must bind to an enzyme to make it function properly is a(n)

A) apoenzyme.
B) coenzyme.
C) extremophile.
D) isomerase.

Question 45

An alpha helix contains

A) intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
B) intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
C) ester formation within the chain.
D) ether formation within the chain.

Question 46

Which of the following forces is NOT involved in the determining the structure of proteins?

A) base pairing
B) disulfide linkages
C) dispersion forces
D) hydrogen bonds

Question 47

Which of the following statements BEST describes the action of enzymes in living systems? A specific enzyme generally catalyzes

A) one specific reaction.
B) a group of similar reactions.
C) many different reactions.
D) either one specific reaction or a group of similar reactions.

Question 48

Which of the following involves the formation of a covalent bond?

A) dispersion forces
B) disulfide linkages
C) hydrogen bonding
D) salt bridges

Question 49

The primary structure of a protein is determined by

A) the amino acid composition.
B) the order of amino acids in the protein.
C) the hydrogen bonding that gives the protein three dimensional shape.
D) the intertwining of protein molecules to form a "functional" protein.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT involved in determining the tertiary structure of a protein?

A) ester bonds
B) salt bridges
C) disulfide linkages
D) hydrogen bonds

Question 51

The interactions between different chains in a protein contribute to its ________ structure.

A) primary
B) quaternary
C) secondary
D) tertiary

Question 52

A disulfide linkage in a protein is a(n)

A) ionic bond between sulfur atoms on different amino acids.
B) covalent bond between sulfur atoms on different amino acids.
C) hydrogen bond between sulfur atoms on different amino acids.
D) hydrophobic interaction between sulfur atoms on different amino acids.

Question 53

A coenzyme may be an ion such as

A) Mg²⁺.
B) Cl^-.
C) O^2-.
D) K⁺.

Question 54

The portion of an enzyme where the substrate "fits" during the reaction is called the

A) active site.
B) action site.
C) reaction site.
D) substrate site.

Question 55

Extremophiles are microorganisms that

A) live in harsh environments that would kill other creatures.
B) live outside the body.
C) live in the water supply.
D) live in thick forests.

Question 56

Enzymes are

A) catalysts.
B) structural material.
C) genetic material.
D) nucleic acids.

Question 57

A substance that is acted upon by an enzyme and undergoes a change is knows as a(n)

A) cofactor.
B) coenzyme.
C) essential amino acid.
D) substrate.

Question 58

Disulfide linkages in proteins are formed when two units of ________ are oxidized to form a covalent bond.

A) valine
B) threonine
C) cysteine
D) asparagine

Question 59

A beta pleated sheet

A) contains ester bonds between chains.
B) contains hydrogen bonding between chains.
C) contains amide bonds between chains.
D) contains ether bonds between chains.

Question 60

The helical structure of certain proteins, such as wool, is part of the protein's

A) primary structure.
B) secondary structure.
C) tertiary structure.
D) quaternary structure.

Question 61

Nucleotides in nucleic acids are joined by links through the

A) phosphate groups.
B) base groups.
C) sugar groups.
D) peptide bonds.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT found in nucleic acids?

A) deoxyribose
B) glycerol
C) phosphate
D) thymine

Question 63

The first step in protein synthesis in cells is

A) replication.
B) transcription.
C) translation.
D) destruction.

Question 64

Base pairing in DNA occurs through

A) covalent bonds between complementary bases on nucleic acid chains.
B) hydrogen bonds between complementary bases on nucleic acid chains.
C) salt bonds between complementary bases on nucleic acid chains.
D) an interaction that is not well understood.

Question 65

The most important feature that distinguishes one DNA molecule from another is (are)

A) the type of phosphate bonds.
B) the type of sugar in each molecule.
C) the order of the bases attached to the sugar phosphate backbone.
D) all of the above features

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT true for a DNA double helix?

A) Complementary base pairs are on the outside of the double helix.
B) Complementary base pairs are on the inside of the double helix.
C) The phosphate groups are on the outside of the double helix.
D) Each complementary base pair contains a pyrimidine and a purine.

Question 67

The sugar in the nucleotides of DNA is

A) glucose.
B) lactose.
C) sucrose.
D) deoxyribose.

Question 68

Which of the following statements comparing DNA and RNA is correct?

A) DNA exists as a double helix of DNA chains; RNA is single stranded.
B) RNA exists as a double helix of RNA chains; DNA is single stranded.
C) Both DNA and RNA exist as a double helix.
D) Both DNA and RNA are single stranded.

Question 69

RNA is found

A) primarily in the cell nucleus.
B) primarily in cell ribosomes.
C) primarily in cell mitochondria.
D) in all parts of the cell.

Question 70

Which of the following base pairs is NOT found in DNA?

A) C-G
B) T-C
C) A-T
D) None of the above

Question 71

The sugar in the nucleotides of RNA is

A) glucose.
B) lactose.
C) ribose.
D) sucrose.

Question 72

If the DNA template chain contains the 5' → 3' sequence A-T-T-G-C, what will be the sequence on the newly synthesized DNA chain?

A) 3' → 5' T-A-A-C-G
B) 5' → 3' T-A-A-C-G
C) 3' → 5' U-A-A-C-G
D) 5' → 3' U-A-A-C-G

Question 73

The repeating units in both DNA and RNA are called

A) monomers.
B) nucleic acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) amino acids.

Question 74

DNA is found primarily in the cell

A) nucleus.
B) ribosomes.
C) mitochondria.
D) DNA is found throughout the cell.

Question 75

The hereditary material of all cells is found in the

A) chromosomes.
B) mitochondria.
C) ribosomes.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 76

One of the bases in the nucleotides of RNA is

A) fructose.
B) deoxyribose.
C) thymine.
D) cytosine.

Question 77

One of the bases in the nucleotides of DNA is

A) lactose.
B) deoxyribose.
C) adenine.
D) uracil.

Question 78

Human body cells have ________ chromosomes.

A) 52
B) 22
C) 46
D) 14

Question 79

Transcription is the process by which DNA passes information to

A) another strand of DNA.
B) transfer RNA.
C) messenger RNA.
D) a new cell.

Question 80

Watson and Crick proposed that DNA exists as a(n)

A) alpha helix.
B) double helix.
C) beta sheet.
D) pleated sheet.