Deck 33: Building Theories to Explain Everyday Life: From Observations to Questions to Theories to Predictions

Question 1

If a person gives a gift to another person,an economist would say that it is because

A) the marginal benefit of giving the gift is at least as great as the marginal cost of giving the gift.
B) the marginal cost of giving the gift is at least as great as the marginal benefit of giving the gift.
C) he expects to receive a gift in return.
D) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

To an economist,it is preferable to

A) assume that all criminals are rational.
B) assume that all criminals are irrational.
C) build a theory based on a rational criminal and then check the evidence.
D) a or b

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Those who say that economics is becoming an increasingly imperialist social science are suggesting that economics is

A) becoming increasingly concerned with corporations rather than small businesses.
B) becoming increasingly focused on government actions rather than on business activity.
C) spreading out into other fields of study, such as history, anthropology, and sociology.
D) becoming increasingly focused on business activity rather than on government actions.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

House A has an ocean view and House B does not. In all other respects,the two houses are the same. The market price of house A is $2,300,000; the market price of house B is $1,600,000. The ocean view is valued at

A) $700,000.
B) $1,950,000.
C) -$700,000.
D) $600,000.

Question 5

A person tends to be ______________ likely to lose her temper with a boss than with a friend because the opportunity cost of losing her temper with her boss tends to be _____________ than the opportunity cost of losing her temper with her friend.

A) less; higher
B) more; higher
C) less; lower
D) more; lower

Question 6

We state that the evidence __________________ if evidence is consistent with a theory's predictions.

A) fails to reject the theory
B) proves the theory is correct
C) proves the theory is invalid
D) none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is true?

A) The motivation to try to explain something is at the heart of building a theory.
B) If a theory makes people uncomfortable then it should be discarded or ignored.
C) In order for a theory to be valid it must be a perfect description of reality.
D) Building a theory and evaluating a theory are the same thing.

Question 8

Anna gives Billy a gift of $200. We can be sure that Billy will

A) spend the $200 on what Anna hopes that he will spend it on.
B) save the $200, and not spend it on anything.
C) spend the $200 on whatever is next on Billy's list of things to buy.
D) spend the $200 on something that Anna does not want him to spend it on.

Question 9

The larger a percentage of the population a person is,the ______________ likely that person will have to further engage with people she meets. This implies that she will generally be ____________ likely to behave unethically and poorly with the people in her town as the population of her town increases.

A) more; less
B) less; less
C) more; more
D) less; more

Question 10

Refer to Situation 33-1. If the prospective criminal sets the following values:
Ps = 60 percent
Loot = $10,000
Pp = 10 percent
I = $20,000
F = $25,000
AC = $10,000
The prospective criminal's expected benefit from committing the burglary is ______________ and his expected cost of committing the burglary is _______________. Economic theory tells us that under these circumstances,the prospective criminal ______________ commit the burglary.

A) $6,000; $14,500; will not
B) $6,000; $14,500; will
C) $6,667; $6,000; will
D) $17,500; $12,000; will

Question 11

In general,in a given rich country the ______________ the opportunity cost for a woman of having and raising a child,the _____________ children she will have.

A) higher; fewer
B) higher; more
C) lower; fewer
D) lower; more
E) a and d

Question 12

The efficient number of gifts that a gift-giver wants to give is the number at which the marginal benefits of giving a gift are__________________the marginal costs of giving a gift.

A) greater than
B) less than
C) equal to
D) less than or equal to

Question 13

Which of the following theories is not falsifiable or refutable?

A) Everything that has happened to Jane throughout her life happened to her specifically because she was born on June 23, 1993.
B) People with blue eyes tend to be more sensitive to light than people with brown eyes.
C) Women who are electrical engineers tend to have fewer children than women who are retail cashiers.
D) People who watch more than six hours of television per day tend to weigh more than people who watch fewer hours of television daily.
E) all of the above

Question 14

Which of the following can a homebuyer pay for indirectly when purchasing a home?

A) good weather
B) a good school district
C) a nice view
D) all of the above

Question 15

Theories should be judged based upon how

A) well they explain things.
B) consistently and accurately they predict.
C) famous the economist is making the prediction.
D) the amount of attention given to them by the media.
E) a and b

Question 16

Refer to Situation 33-1. If the prospective criminal sets the following values:
Ps = 75 percent
Loot = $50,000
Pp = 20 percent
I = $80,000
F = $35,000
AC = $5,000
The prospective criminal's expected benefit from committing the burglary is ______________ and his expected cost of committing the burglary is _______________. Economic theory tells us that under these circumstances,the prospective criminal ______________ commit the burglary.

A) $37,500; $28,000; will not
B) $37,500; $28,000; will
C) $6,667; $14,000; will not
D) $57,500; $120,000; will

Question 17

George is a gift giver and Roger is a gift recipient. George has Roger in his utility function,but Roger does not have George in his utility function. Roger may try to get George to __________________ George's efficient number of gifts to (give).

A) give more gifts to him than
B) reduce the number of gifts he receives below
C) increase the number of gifts he receives beyond
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 18

In general,a dry cleaner in a small town is ______________ likely to be unethical in his business practices than a dry cleaner in a large city. This is because the larger a percentage of the population a person is,the _____________likely that person will have to further engage with people he initially meets.

A) more; less
B) less; less
C) more; more
D) less; more

Question 19

The _________________ the opportunity cost of bad behavior,the _________________ likely one is to exhibit bad behavior.

A) higher; less
B) lower; more
C) higher; more
D) lower; less
E) a and b

Question 20

Which of the following is false?

A) A theory should be judged based upon whether or not it tells us the things we want to hear.
B) Scientists are interested in finding out when their theories are wrong or right.
C) Scientists are interested in building theories that can be refuted.
D) If evidence is consistent with a theory's predictions, we state that the evidence fails to reject the theory.

Question 21

Economists often evaluate a theory in terms of how consistently and accurately it predicts what happens. Implicit in this position is the belief that

A) if the theory's predictions are consistently accurate, then there is a fairly good chance that the theory is a good explanation of how things work.
B) if the theory's predictions are consistently accurate, then there is a fairly good chance that the theory will be accepted by others.
C) if the theory's predictions are consistently accurate, then there is a fairly good chance that the theory's assumptions (even if they initially seem unrealistic) capture something that is essential to explaining what it is that the theory is trying to explain.
D) all of the above

Question 22

For every gift that A gives to B from the first to the tenth gift,A receives a net benefit of $10. The additional cost to A of giving an additional gift is constant at $5. It follows that A's marginal benefit curve for giving gifts to B is ___________________ (assuming that we place "marginal benefits" on the vertical axis and "number of gifts" on the horizontal axis).

A) downward-sloping over units 1 -10.
B) upward-sloping over units 1-10.
C) horizontal over units 1-10.
D) vertical over units 1-10.
E) There is not enough information provided to answer the question.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a prediction of the theory on baseball caps and cheating?

A) More people will wear baseball caps on test days than on lecture days.
B) More people will wear baseball caps for multiple choice tests than for essay tests.
C) More people will wear baseball caps when students sit close to each other in class and are taking a test than when students sit far apart from each other and are taking a test.
D) b and c
E) none of the above

Question 24

People sometimes act differently in different settings. An economist is likely to explain this by saying

A) the benefits and costs of certain behaviors can be different in different settings.
B) people are hard to figure out.
C) people behave as others behave.
D) it is hard to figure out what makes people tick.
E) none of the above

Question 25

A man moves from a large city to a small town. In the small town he seems like a very different person than the person he was in the big city. For instance,he is more polite in the small town than he was in the big city. This could be because

A) the costs of his being impolite are higher in the big city than in the small town.
B) the costs of his being impolite are higher in the small town than in the big city.
C) he is a happier person in the small town and it could be that happier people are more polite.
D) b and c
E) a and c

Question 26

If people value clean air over dirty air,and if the air in city A is cleaner than the air in city B (by a wide margin),then we would expect that ____________________,all else equal between the two cities.

A) comparable houses in the two cities will sell for the same price.
B) comparable house in A will be more expensive than comparable house in B.
C) comparable house in B will be more expensive than comparable house in A.
D) There is not enough information to answer the question.

Question 27

Kristie currently spends her $1,000 a week income on X,Y,and Z. Her mother gives her an extra $400 and tells her to use it to buy more Z. Kristie actually takes the $400 her mother gave to her,adds it $40 of the $300 she usually spends on Z,and buys $660 worth of Z. Did Kristie's mother's $400 go to buy only Z?

A) Yes, because Kristie used her mother's actual $400 (four $100 bills) to buy Z.
B) No, because if it had, Kristie would have bought $700 worth of Z. Some of Kristie's mother's money went for what Kristie had next on her list to buy.
C) Yes, since Kristie bought $640 worth of Z, and the amount of money her mother gave her is less than $640.
D) There is not enough information to answer the question.

Question 28

The gap between the higher equilibrium tuition and lower student tuition is $4,000 at university A and $10,000 at university B. It follows that

A) if the supply of openings at each university is the same, then the demand to attend university B is higher than the demand to attend university A.
B) the supply of openings is necessarily larger at university A than B.
C) instructors at university B are likely to be more punctual when meeting their office hours than instructors at university A.
D) a and c
E) none of the above

Question 29

It often appears as if there are "too few" workers at the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)to service all their customers at a given point in time. Based on one of theories discussed in the text,this is probably because

A) the equilibrium "price" to be served by the DMV is lower than the "price" charged customers.
B) the equilibrium "price" to be served by the DMV is higher than the "price" charged customers.
C) the equilibrium "price" to be served by the DMV minus the "price" charged to customers is zero.
D) b and c
E) none of the above

Question 30

The ______________ the gap between the tuition a college student pays and the equilibrium tuition for that college,the _____________ likely the student's instructors will be on time and attentive during their office hours.

A) larger; less
B) smaller; more
C) larger; more
D) smaller; less
E) a and b

Question 31

Smith says that criminals are rational and that they consider both the benefits and costs of criminal activity. Jones disagrees. He says criminals are irrationals and can't possibly be considering both the benefits and costs of criminal activity. If they did,he argues,they wouldn't be criminals. An economist who wants to figure out if criminals are rational,would most likely build a

A) falsifiable theory built on a rational criminal and then test the theory.
B) non-falsifiable theory built on a rational criminal and then test the theory.
C) falsifiable theory built on a rational criminal, but not test the theory.
D) non-falsifiable theory built on a rational criminal, but not test the theory.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a prediction of the theory on baseball caps and cheating?

A) More people will wear baseball caps on test days than on lecture days.
B) More people will wear baseball caps for multiple choice tests than for essay tests.
C) More people will wear baseball caps when students sit close to each other in class and are taking a test than when students sit far apart from each other and are taking a test.
D) Baseball caps are more likely to be worn on backwards (than frontwards) on test days than on lecture days.
E) none of the above

Question 33

Adrian reads about two theories,A and B. Theory A seems wrong to Adrian and theory B seems correct to Adrian. It follows that

A) theory B is correct, and theory A is not.
B) both theories may be correct.
C) both theories may be incorrect.
D) theory A is trying to explain something completely different than theory B.
E) b and c

Question 34

Suppose you go to a high school and identify groups of students sitting at different lunch tables.To you it appears that everyone on the football team sits at one table,everyone who gets really high grades sits at another table,everyone who is in the drama club sits at another table,and so on. This outcome could be

A) the result of everyone preferring to sit at a table with dissimilar students, but not want to be at a table if he or she is in a 30 percent minority or less.
B) because people naturally discriminate against (and make feel unwelcome) those people who are not like them.
C) because the school authorities have instituted a one-week experimental plan to keep students segregated (at lunch) according to certain key interests.
D) b and c
E) all of the above

Question 35

Theory A predicts that the higher the opportunity cost of having a child,the fewer children a woman will have. Which of the following is evidence against the theory if opportunity cost is measured in terms of foregone salary?

A) women with high-paying jobs have more children than women with low-paying jobs.
B) women with low-paying jobs have more children than women with high-paying jobs.
C) men married to women with high-paying jobs want more children than men married to women with low-paying jobs.
D) the mothers of women with high-paying jobs will want their daughters to have children more than the mothers of women with low-paying jobs will want their daughters to have children.
E) none of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is inconsistent with the burglary crime model presented in the text?

A) The burglary rate rises during recessions.
B) The burglary rate declines during recessions.
C) The burglary rate remains does not change because of a recession.
D) The anguish cost of committing a burglary is directly related to the expected cost of committing a burglary.
E) a and d

Question 37

A theory predicts that the more a student studies,the higher his or her grades will be. This theory is

A) not falsifiable.
B) falsifiable.
C) too difficult a theory to test.
D) inconsistent with the fact that some students study less than other students, yet receive higher grades.
E) b and d

Question 38

A theory predicts that all swans are white. A thousand people go out into the field and identify the color of the swans they see. Their results reveal that,of the 10,000 swans they saw,all were white. It follows that

A) the swan theory is a falsifiable theory.
B) the swan theory is correct.
C) the evidence fails to reject the swan theory.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 39

In the burglary crime model presented in the text,as the anguish cost of committing a burglary rises,the prediction is that

A) more people will commit burglary.
B) the same number of people will commit burglary.
C) fewer people will commit burglary.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 40

"The theory's predictions are consistent with what I believe,so now I have good reason to believe what the theory says." This statement is likely to have been made by a person who believes that

A) theories should be tested by gathering and analyzing data.
B) theories are descriptive of reality.
C) theories should be falsifiable or refutable.
D) b and c
E) none of the above

Question 41

Theories should be judged based upon how consistently and precisely they predict and how well they explain things.

Question 42

Scientists are interested in finding out when their theories are wrong,as well as when they are right.

Question 43

The bigger the shortage for a good or service,the ____________ the seller of the good or service will or can be to an individual customer _________. (We are assuming here that the shortage cannot,for legal reasons,be alleviated through a rise in price.)

A) more polite; without having sales adversely affected
B) ruder; without having sales adversely affect
C) more polite; even though sales will be adversely affected
D) ruder; even though sales will be adversely affected

Question 44

Smith drives his car numerous places. Sometimes he drives his car around his residential neighborhood and sometimes he drives it on the highway. Occasionally,Smith gets peeved with the way other people drive and makes a rude gesture to them. Based on one of the theories discussed in the text,he is

A) more likely to make a rude gesture to another driver on the highway than in his residential neighborhood.
B) less likely to make a rude gesture to another driver on the highway than in his residential neighborhood.
C) equally likely to make a rude gesture to another driver on the highway as in the residential neighborhood.
D) There is not enough information provided to answer this question.

Question 45

A gift-giver's efficient number of gifts (to give to a gift-recipient)has fallen from 10 to 8. This could be because

A) the gift-giver's marginal benefit curve for giving gifts shifted down and left.
B) the gift-giver's marginal cost curve of giving gifts shifted up and left.
C) the gift-recipient "fell out" of the gift-giver's utility function.
D) a and b
E) none of the above

Question 46

If a theory can predict those things that you should observe if it is right and can also predict those things that you should observe if it is wrong,it is said to have the virtue of falsifiability.

Question 47

There is a direct relationship between the opportunity cost of bad behavior in a public venue and the use of bad behavior in that venue.

Question 48

Identify and describe each step of the five-step process outlined in the text for building and testing theories.

Question 49

The instructors at College A are regularly late for their office hours. Based on a theory presented in the text,we would predict that the gap between the ______________student tuition and ___________equilibrium tuition is ___________ at College A.

A) lower; higher; small
B) higher; lower; small
C) lower; higher; large
D) higher; lower; large

Question 50

If a theory gives a scientist results that she does not want,then she should not believe in that theory.

Question 51

There is no difference between building a theory and evaluating a theory.

Question 52

Universities A and B are substitutes in the minds of many college students. Initially the student tuition at each university is the same and far below equilibrium tuition. Then,the tuition at A is raised and B is not. As a result of a rising tuition at A,some students who would have applied and enrolled in A,instead apply to B. Based on the logic presented in one of the theories discussed in the text,we would expect that

A) instructors at B will begin to be less nearly punctual for office hours than they were before.
B) instructors at A will begin to be more nearly punctual for office hours than they were before.
C) instructors at B will be more nearly punctual for office hours than they were before.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 53

One theory discussed in the text is that there is an inverse relationship between the opportunity cost of having children and the number of children a woman will have.

Question 54

Smith sends her children to a private school on the other side of town. Tuition per student per year: $15,000. Jones sends her children to a public school on her side of town. Tuition per student per year: $0. Most people seem to think that the private school and public school are equivalent when it comes to educating students.According to a theory discussed in the text,

A) Smith lives in a more expensive home than Jones.
B) Jones lives in a more expensive home than Smith.
C) Smith and Jones live in the same priced homes.
D) Smith lives in a bigger home than Jones lives in.
E) none of the above

Question 55

Explain what it means to say that a theory is falsifiable or refutable? Give a specific example to help support your answer.

Question 56

For economic imperialists,economics is more of a method of analysis than a specific field of study.

Question 57

A theory is a perfect description of reality.

Question 58

Theory B predicts that everything that happens,happens for a reason - although we may not know what the reason is. This theory

A) can be refuted.
B) probably cannot be refuted.
C) is a good explanation for what happens.
D) is the kind of theory that scientists like to build because it can explain so much.

Question 59

A person who lives in a good-climate city says,"It's expensive to live here,but at least the climate is free." In terms of a theory advanced in the text,this person has either forgotten or is unaware that

A) New York City is not a good-climate city and it is expensive to live there. In other words, not all good-climate cities are expensive and not all bad-climate cities are cheap.
B) part of the reason it's expensive to live in the city is because of the good climate.
C) good-climate cities have more outdoor entertainment entities and activities and therefore people have to pay higher taxes to support those entities and activities.
D) there is a sunshine tax in most of the country - the more hours of sunshine a day, the higher the tax.
E) none of the above

Question 60

Scientists prefer to advance irrefutable theories,rather than refutable theories.