Deck 1: Child Development Theories and Data Gathering

Question 1

Children and parents influence each other's behavior.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A father claims that his child "tantrums all of the time." A frequency count would be useful for determining how often the child actually tantrums on a given day.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Norms describe specific time periods when children develop certain skills.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Cognitive-developmental theory has influenced our ways of thinking about ____.

A) how children learn and create meaning
B) the effect of culture and social interaction on children's development
C) the need to individualize instruction
D) all answers are correct

Question 5

According to Piaget, an infant is in the preoperational stage of development.

Question 6

Teachers can use checklists and rating scales to monitor children's developmental progress and to diagnose developmental delays.

Question 7

Behaviorists have contributed to our understanding of how children construct meaning.

Question 8

Which of the following theorists believed that environmental conditions were primarily responsible for children's development?

A) Bronfenbrenner
B) Vygotsky
C) Skinner
D) all answers are correct

Question 9

Any delay in responding to a child's needs is likely to have a negative effect on his or her self-esteem.

Question 10

A toddler hops and claps his hands after observing his father do the same (hoping and clapping).This example illustrates the concept of ____.

A) developmentally appropriate leaning
B) nature-nurture effects
C) reciprocal interactions
D) trust vs.mistrust

Question 11

Vygotsky suggested that children's "self-talk" ____.

A) is an important step in the acquisition of language
B) should be ignored so that it isn't reinforced
C) reflects an increasingly complex way of thinking
D) is abnormal and requires developmental intervention

Question 12

Authentic assessment includes all of the following strategies except ____.

A) observing and noting a child's behavior
B) administering a standardized test
C) gathering information from the child's family
D) assembling a child portfolio

Question 13

Discrete behaviors can be observed.

Question 14

Erikson used the term "ego identity" to describe a person's ____.

A) ability to control their primitive impulses
B) conceit, arrogance, or self-importance
C) self-awareness; how a person fits in
D) innate intelligence

Question 15

____ is best known for his cognitive-developmental theories of child development.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Arnold Gessell
C) B.F.Skinner
D) Jean Piaget

Question 16

All humans have the same essential needs.

Question 17

Gender roles and behavior are determined purely by genetics.

Question 18

Which of the following theorists would argue that children's development is genetically determined?

A) Gesell
B) Erikson
C) Montessori
D) Piaget

Question 19

Maturation is biologically based (for the most part) and explains such things as learning to sit up, crawl, and walk.

Question 20

Children learn and form meaning through play.

Question 21

Match each term with the correct definition.
Gesell

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 22

Anecdotal notes, frequency counts, and rating scales are all methods used in ____________________ assessment.

Question 23

Match each term with the correct definition.
Piaget

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 24

Sammy puts down the toy car he was about to throw after observing another child be reprimanded for the same behavior.This form of learning is called ____.

A) positive reinforcement
B) imitation
C) developmentally appropriate
D) reciprocal

Question 25

Match each term with the correct definition.
Maslow

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 26

Match each term with the correct definition.
Bronfenbrenner

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 27

Bandura is noted for his _________ ___________ theories.

Question 28

A child who uses a block as a "pretend" boat is illustrating the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 29

The term ____________________ refers to the different areas of children's development.

Question 30

A child who is growing up in poverty or exposed to frequent maltreatment would be identified as being ___________________________________ for developmental problems.

Question 31

The bioecological theory has led to important educational changes including the implementation of anti-bias curriculums and ____________________ awareness.

Question 32

Match each term with the correct definition.
Freud

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 33

Developmental psychologists consider the ____________________ years the most important in children's lives.

Question 34

Match each term with the correct definition.
Bandura

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 35

The nature vs.nurture controversy refers to different viewpoints about whether development is the result of genetic or ____________________ factors.

Question 36

A teacher might use a ________ ____________ method to determine if her lessons on cooperation and respect for others have increased children's sharing behavior.

Question 37

Match each term with the correct definition.
Vygotsky

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 38

"Great job! You picked up the blocks and put them on the shelf all by yourself." This statement is an example of ____________________ praise.

Question 39

Match each term with the correct definition.
Montessori

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 40

Match each term with the correct definition.
Skinner

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 41

Match each term with the correct definition.
Erikson

A)Theorized that children construct meaning through active involvement in learning
B)Suggested that children learn through observation, not reinforcement
C)Described children's achievements according to age
D)Believed children could only learn if their basic needs were met
E)The first to describe development across the lifespan
F)The father of psychoanalytic theory
G)Explained learning as the consequence of reinforcement
H)Suggested that development was shaped by one's environment
I)Emphasized self-directed learning and sensory-based learning materials
J)Proposed the Zone of Proximal Development

Question 42

In what ways have psychosocial theories influenced parenting and early childhood education?

Question 43

In what ways can caregivers be sure to meet young children's basic psychological needs?

Question 44

What does the term "constructivism" refer to and what application does it have for early childhood programs?

Question 45

How does culture influence children's concept of gender?

Question 46

Briefly describe the term authentic assessment and provide an example.