Deck 16: Industrial America

Question 1

Which of the following characterizes the philosophy of Herbert Spencer?

A) Helping the poor ultimately benefits society as a whole.
B) Helping the poor ultimately hurts society as a whole.
C) Private charity is preferable to government aid programs.
D) Government should protect the needy from the greedy.

Answer 1

Helping the poor ultimately hurts society as a whole.

Question 2

In 1860, steel output stood at 13,000 tons. To how much had it expanded by the beginning of the 20th century?

A) Approximately 50,000 tons
B) Not quite 280,000 tons
C) Almost 2.8 million tons
D) About 28 million tons

Answer 2

Almost 2.8 million tons

Question 3

A national market for raw materials and finished goods could not have developed without the

A) telegraph.
B) telephone.
C) internal combustion engine.
D) standardization of railroads.

Answer 3

standardization of railroads.

Question 4

What did the trained engineer and son of former slaves Elijah McCoy invent to improve railroad efficiency?

A) A method to automatically lubricate gears
B) The pneumatic brake
C) The diesel engine
D) The telegraph

Question 5

The popularity of Horatio Alger's dime novels can be attributed to their message that

A) economic success was evidence of religious devotion.
B) government regulation of the economy made social mobility possible.
C) the rich had a responsibility to practice philanthropy.
D) wealth could be attained through hard work and individual initiative.

Question 6

Which of the following inventions significantly increased efficiency in business offices?

A) The typewriter
B) The shredder
C) The pencil
D) The printing press

Question 7

Integration of the northern and southern economies after the Civil War could not take place without

A) ending the sharecropping system.
B) overturning Jim Crow laws.
C) constructing railroad lines.
D) raising wages for southern workers.

Question 8

What caused the gross domestic product of the United States to quadruple between 1860 and 1890?

A) The ruthless business practices of the robber barons
B) The discoveries of Thomas Alva Edison's "invention factory"
C) The rapid growth of industrial manufacturing
D) The new approach to oil drilling known as "cracking"

Question 9

Which southern state became the home of the cigarette industry?

A) Georgia
B) North Carolina
C) Alabama
D) Virginia

Question 10

Farmers and other rural residents were able to participate in the new consumer culture of the late nineteenth century thanks to

A) department stores like Macy's.
B) five-and-dime stores like Woolworth's.
C) supermarkets like the A&P.
D) mail-order catalogs like Montgomery Ward's.

Question 11

Proponents of the "New South" approach to developing the region were motivated by

A) the belief that the South lost the Civil War because the North had more manufacturing and better infrastructure.
B) a desire to decrease poverty by creating more industrial jobs.
C) the hope that urbanization and industrialization would undermine racial segregation and inequality.
D) the desire to challenge the North's dominance of national and international economic markets.

Question 12

Who was the founder of the Standard Oil Company?

A) Henry Clay Frick
B) John Pierpont Morgan
C) John D. Rockefeller
D) Cornelius Vanderbilt

Question 13

The passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act reflected Congress's desire to

A) enable small businesses to compete as equals with large corporations.
B) limit, but not eliminate, the ability of big business to dominate the economy.
C) protect consumers from the negative impact of industrial monopolies.
D) use legislation to limit corporate growth and the consolidation of wealth.

Question 14

The relationship between business and government that enabled the rapid industrialization of the United States can best be characterized as a

A) partnership.
B) feud.
C) deceptive collusion.
D) partisan squabble.

Question 15

What did most southern newspaper editors and business leaders consider the key to transforming the former Confederacy into a "New South"?

A) Industrial expansion
B) Racial equality
C) Convict labor
D) Diversified agriculture

Question 16

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution was the basis of the Supreme Court's ruling that, in legal terms, a corporation could be considered a person?

A) The Twelfth
B) The Thirteenth
C) The Fourteenth
D) The Fifteenth

Question 17

Control of the entire process that transformed raw materials into manufactured goods is called

A) economies of scale.
B) vertical integration.
C) horizontal integration.
D) corporate monopoly.

Question 18

Who founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company?

A) Thomas Alva Edison
B) Alexander Graham Bell
C) J. P. Morgan
D) Cornelius Vanderbilt

Question 19

In determining how to make factory employees more productive, efficiency experts were inspired by the workings of

A) the transcontinental railroad.
B) internal combustion engines.
C) Edison's "invention factory."
D) large-scale industrial machinery.

Question 20

Who helped Thomas A. Edison merge with competing companies to form General Electric in 1892?

A) John Rockefeller
B) Charles Schwab
C) J. P. Morgan
D) Andrew Carnegie

Question 21

The idea that public accommodations for black and white citizens could be "equal but separate" was supported by the

A) Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
B) Slaughterhouse Cases.
C) U.S. v. E.C. Knight decision.
D) Sherman Antitrust Act.

Question 22

What was the consequence of the establishment of department stores for the middle-class housewife in the late nineteenth century?

A) Her life was made easier because the stores provided one-stop shopping for necessary personal and household items.
B) She was distracted from her primary responsibilities because the stores provided her with a place to go during the day.
C) Having access to a constantly changing array of consumer goods increased her workload and stress level.
D) The jobs the stores offered led to a dramatic increase in the percentage of wives working outside the home.

Question 23

The purpose of "grandfather clauses" in the voting laws of southern states was to

A) grant the vote to African Americans whose grandfathers had been slaves.
B) permit illiterate whites to vote while disenfranchising illiterate blacks.
C) create separate polling places for blacks and whites.
D) grant the vote to white women whose grandfathers had been slave owners.

Question 24

How does the growing popularity of baseball during the Gilded Age support the idea that American men were undergoing a "crisis of masculinity"?

A) It suggests that men wanted to preserve aspects of an older way of life amid urbanization and industrialization.
B) It demonstrates a rejection of the violence associated with sports like bare-knuckle fighting and boxing.
C) It was a way of retaining male dominance of the public sphere.
D) It demonstrates a preference for teamwork and collaboration rather than one-on-one competition.

Question 25

To gain competitive advantages in the marketplace, Gilded Age industrialists focused on

A) improving working conditions.
B) eliminating the middle man.
C) maintaining large inventories.
D) remaining independent of the banking system.

Question 26

The explosive growth of clubs and societies during the late nineteenth century was a reflection in day-to-day life of the larger

A) culture of consumption.
B) zeal for organization.
C) nostalgia for the pastoral.
D) belief in laissez-faire.

Question 27

What solution did Henry George envision for the economic inequality of the Gilded Age?

A) A single tax on landownership
B) A minimum-wage law
C) A better public school system
D) Free health care

Question 28

When did Charles Darwin publish his The Origin of Species?

A) 1789
B) 1812
C) 1859
D) 1895

Question 29

Advocates of the free-market economy argued that the key to success was

A) inherited wealth.
B) government regulation.
C) individual merit.
D) parental encouragement.

Question 30

The development of trusts destroyed

A) wealth.
B) philanthropy.
C) tariffs.
D) competition.

Question 31

Which nineteenth-century innovation did economist Richard T. Ely hold responsible for producing a "progeny of evils"?

A) Electric light
B) The railroad
C) The skyscraper
D) The phonograph

Question 32

The belief that women needed to participate in athletics to be well rounded led to the formation of female leagues for

A) basketball.
B) baseball.
C) tennis.
D) croquet.

Question 33

The rise of black-run schools, churches, and businesses in the South was an unintended consequence of

A) Jim Crow laws.
B) the increased number of lynchings.
C) Jack Johnson's heavyweight title.
D) poll taxes.

Question 34

Historians speculate that the popularity of boxing during the Gilded Age can be attributed to

A) working-class men's frustration with being overseen by efficiency experts.
B) the loss of competition in the economic sphere due to trusts and monopolies.
C) boredom caused by the ease and indulgence of the upper-class lifestyle.
D) the fear that men in white-collar jobs were becoming weak and ineffectual.

Question 35

Who was the target audience for the McGuffey Readers?

A) Churchgoers
B) Schoolchildren
C) Industrial workers
D) Business tycoons

Question 36

Between 1870 and 1910, the number of white-collar workers in the United States

A) decreased.
B) doubled.
C) tripled.
D) quadrupled.

Question 37

Approximately how many African Americans were lynched in the South between 1884 and 1900?

A) 500
B) 700
C) 1,000
D) 1,700

Question 38

Who believed that the primary role of government should be to protect the majority of citizens from the excesses of greedy robber barons?

A) Lester Frank Ward
B) Russell Conwell
C) Stephen J. Field
D) William Randolph Hearst

Question 39

Who coined the term the Gilded Age?

A) Karl Marx
B) Mark Twain
C) Henry George
D) Edward Bellamy

Question 40

During the Gilded Age, wealthy businessmen believed that the federal government protected their right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" when it

A) refrained from regulating the economy.
B) provided for the weak and vulnerable.
C) defended the rights of workers.
D) fostered competition in the marketplace.

Question 41

Who attributed the ineffectiveness of the federal government during this period to the lack of clear lines of authority and responsibility?

A) James Bryce
B) John Sherman
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) James G. Blaine

Question 42

The younger generation of Republicans less wedded to the old causes of the "Grand Old Party" such as racial equality earned the nickname

A) "half-breeds."
B) "undecideds."
C) "white collars."
D) "Odd Fellows."

Question 43

Most Americans during the late nineteenth century expected politicians to provide

A) moral guidance.
B) solutions to social problems.
C) entertainment.
D) inspiration and idealism.

Question 44

Followers of religious denominations that emphasized the free will of the individual were more likely to vote for Republicans than Democrats because they believed

A) government should not try to legislate morality.
B) government could help eliminate ignorance and bad behavior.
C) the "hoopla" of politics was more important than the substance.
D) in racial segregation.

Question 45

Which of the following presidents did not serve in the Civil War?

A) Ulysses S. Grant
B) Rutherford B. Hayes
C) James A. Garfield
D) Grover Cleveland

Question 46

Based on Map 16.1, The New South, 1900, which of the following states enjoyed the most diverse resource base to attract industry?

A) Florida
B) Louisiana
C) Mississippi
D) Alabama

Question 47

Why were senators able to amass more power and influence than congressmen during the Gilded Age?

A) House members had difficulty being reelected, so they didn't experience the benefits of incumbency.
B) The House was controlled by Democrats while Republicans held both the presidency and a Senate majority.
C) The Senate had a strong majority leader and the House did not.
D) House committee chairmen did not control the introduction of pieces of legislation.

Question 48

The relative lack of power and influence associated with the American presidency during the Gilded Age can be attributed to

A) the largely underqualified and unappealing candidates for the office.
B) the impact of Andrew Johnson's impeachment and congressional Reconstruction.
C) a lack of public interest in the political process.
D) the triumph of a laissez-faire approach to governance.

Question 49

James Bryce argued that "great men are not chosen president" because

A) the office was understood to be primarily administrative.
B) the nation lacked politicians who were sufficiently ambitious.
C) the equal balance of power among the three branches of government undermined opportunities for presidential leadership.
D) the White House staff was so large and capable.

Question 50

The attitude of big business toward the federal government in Horace Taylor's cartoon "What a Funny Little Government" from 1900 (Document 16.1) can best be described as

A) respectful.
B) timid.
C) disinterested.
D) condescending.

Question 51

Chester A. Arthur became U.S. president after the assassination of

A) Grover Cleveland.
B) Rutherford B. Hayes.
C) James A. Garfield.
D) Benjamin Harrison.

Question 52

What did Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, New York, and New Jersey have in common between 1876 and 1896?

A) All the presidents and vice presidents elected during this period came from these states.
B) None of the presidents and vice presidents elected during this period came from these states.
C) They all always elected Democrats.
D) They all always elected Republicans.