Deck 11: Religion,education,and Medicine

Question 1

Polytheism is centered in a belief in many gods with equal or similar power; who are thought to have an interest in human affairs and to merit being worshipped.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Many cults are authoritarian and attempt to control the entire lives of their members. An example is the Abode of Dawn cult that features a nine-volume Last Testament and 61 commandments.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Education is one aspect of the many-sided process of socialization by which people acquire behaviors necessary for effective functioning in society.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Throughout the world, Muslims are religiously, politically, and culturally monolithic.

Question 5

The percentage of Americans with no religious preference ("unaffiliated") has increased to about 16 percent.

Question 6

The secularization thesis implies that sacred considerations gain ascendancy over profane considerations in the course of social evolution.

Question 7

According to Durkheim, the "sacred" includes the aspects of social reality that are forbidden, extraordinary, mysterious, and awe-inspiring.

Question 8

Religious conservatives avoid the political arena.

Question 9

Today, such core subject areas as mathematics, natural science, and social science are similar throughout the world.

Question 10

For centuries, public schools have been the primary agents by which the members of a society are taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Question 11

According to Durkheim, the "profane" has to do with the elements of society that are obscene by nature, such as the use of bad language and pornography.

Question 12

According to the text, "mana" is the bread people eat when engaged in religious rituals.

Question 13

The formal organization of American schools typically operates with two levels: (1) a board of education and (2) a group of teachers.

Question 14

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 reduced the role of the federal government in public education.

Question 15

The concept of the "church" is that it is an entity that strives to dominate all aspects of social life - to teach and guide the members of society and dispense saving grace.

Question 16

According to Max Weber, Protestantism and modern capitalism appeared on the historical scene at roughly the same time.

Question 17

In many cases the denomination is actually a cult in an advanced state of development.

Question 18

The sect considers itself uniquely legitimate but is at odds with the dominant society.

Question 19

The debate over the role religion should play in public policy centers on the issue of whether religious activists have the right to enter the political arena and lobby for laws consistent with their beliefs.

Question 20

Monotheism is a pattern of religious behavior that involves a belief in a god who is powerful, has an interest in human affairs, and merits worship.

Question 21

Today, a growing number of behaviors that were called "immoral" or "sinful" are now seen as forms of sickness.

Question 22

Countries that provide universal health coverage to their citizens spend less on health care than the United States and have higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rates.

Question 23

Functionalists argue that the knowledge and skills required by contemporary living can be picked up by children in a more or less automatic and "natural" way.

Question 24

SAT scores are positively correlated with family income.

Question 25

Charter schools are very similar in their instructional approach and in the degree to which they are used in each state.

Question 26

According to the text, schools operate by a system that emphasizes and reinforces the subordinate status of the students.

Question 27

The expectation of cure in the U.S. health care system has generated an explosion of invasive, expensive, and often risky medical interventions.

Question 28

The nursing profession grew out of the religious and charitable activities of early hospitals.

Question 29

______________ has to do with those socially shared ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that have as their focus the realm of the supernatural or "beyond."

A) Government
B) Astrology
C) Astronomy
D) Religion

Question 30

The aging of America is one factor contributing to rising health care costs.

Question 31

The new type of relationship emerging between physicians and their patients is based on a matter of trust of the patient for her or his doctor.

Question 32

According to symbolic interactionists, being sick depends on being socially defined as sick.

Question 33

The functions now carried out by the medical institution were once embedded in the activities of the family and religious institutions.

Question 34

Conflict theorists argue that poor people experience disability and poor health at the same levels as do the rich.

Question 35

In practice, U.S. medical care has provided equal care to the members of all social classes.

Question 36

In some cases a medical treatment is discovered before the condition is seen as a medical one.

Question 37

The correspondence principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school.

Question 38

One of the functions of medicine has been to serve as a social control agency by defining some behaviors as "healthy" and others as "unhealthy."

Question 39

Conflict theorists argue that public schools are instruments to "Americanize" minority group members.

Question 40

The hidden curriculum is the material that teachers provide to students when parents and administrators are not watching.

Question 41

Theistic religion is centered in a belief in

A) spirits or animals that control our lives.
B) such totems as a rabbit's foot or four-leaf clover.
C) powerful gods who have an interest in human affairs and who merit worship.
D) abstract ideals only.

Question 42

Which of the following descriptions is not a characteristic of a church as defined by sociologists?

A) a bureaucratic structure that carries a positive relationship with mainstream society
B) a sect in an advanced stage of development
C) a body that strives to dominate all aspects of social life
D) a body that attaches considerable importance to grace, doctrine, and ritual

Question 43

A religious organization that is alienated, viewed as deviant by the dominant society, and that has no previous religious tradition is called a

A) cult.
B) sect.
C) denomination.
D) church.

Question 44

Max Weber, in his discussion of the Protestant Ethic, viewed religion as

A) reaffirming tradition.
B) promoting secular change.
C) preventing change.
D) providing an opiate for the masses.

Question 45

______________ involves belief in spirits or other-worldly beings.

A) Simple supernaturalism
B) Existentialism
C) Animism
D) Theism

Question 46

Émile Durkheim stated that the central function of religion is to

A) explain the creation of the universe.
B) create, reinforce, and maintain social cohesion and control.
C) destroy shared consciousness so the individual can be subjugated by the state.
D) melt the "social glue" of group identity for the good of the larger society.

Question 47

The term mana refers to

A) the special bread that rains down from heaven.
B) a diffuse, impersonal, supernatural force that exists in nature.
C) gods who are thought to be powerful and to have an interest in human affairs.
D) taking communion and breaking bread.

Question 48

Behavior prescribed by rules dictating how people should act in the presence of the sacred are called

A) beliefs.
B) rituals.
C) offerings.
D) sacraments.

Question 49

Max Weber argued that the Calvinistic belief that economic success is a sign of one's salvation led to

A) the spirit of the Protestant Reformation.
B) a socialistic fervor among Catholics.
C) the development of capitalism.
D) the present welfare system in America.

Question 50

Durkheim concluded that when religion is imperiled and not replaced by a satisfying substitute,

A) society will continue functioning without a hitch.
B) society itself is jeopardized.
C) society will experience problems, but eventually find its own equilibrium.
D) education will take over the functions of religion.

Question 51

According to Durkheim, those things that have to do with the mundane, everyday, and commonplace are the

A) sacred.
B) profane.
C) secular.
D) existential.

Question 52

Denominations

A) come largely from the upper classes.
B) tend to be cults in advanced form.
C) are quite unhappy in being one group among many, all of whom are acceptable in the sight of God.
D) come largely from the middle classes.

Question 53

A religious organization rooted in established religious traditions that views itself as uniquely legitimate is called a

A) cult.
B) sect.
C) denomination.
D) church.

Question 54

According to studies by Finke and Stark, religions that gain members tend to

A) see themselves as mainline denominations.
B) avoid competing with other churches.
C) be hard-line religions that "compete" for souls.
D) play loud contemporary music.

Question 55

Monotheism is the belief in

A) many gods with equal or relatively similar power.
B) one husband and one wife in a single marriage.
C) one powerful god that oversees human life.
D) spirits or otherworldly beings.

Question 56

The secularization thesis proposes that

A) the sacred is gaining over the profane in the course of human evolution.
B) the profane is gaining ascendancy over the sacred in the course of human development.
C) TV evangelists now control the beliefs of most Americans.
D) denominationalism has taken over fundamentalism in the search for the human spirit.

Question 57

Those aspects of social reality considered mysterious and forbidden are considered by Durkheim to be the

A) sacred.
B) profane.
C) secular.
D) mundane.

Question 58

Civil religion finds expression in

A) civil wars.
B) the Pledge of Allegiance, national holidays, mottos, and historic shrines.
C) atheistic countries like Sweden.
D) the tenets of fundamentalism.

Question 59

In the United States, fundamentalism is primarily

A) a movement by the Catholic Church to gain new members.
B) a Protestant movement that supports a more modern theology.
C) a Protestant movement that opposes a more modern theology and supports a return to traditional Christianity.
D) a view that the Bible as subject to a variety of interpretations.

Question 60

According to the text, the primary response of a church to other competing religious groups is to

A) tolerate them.
B) deny their existence.
C) suppress, ignore, or coopt them.
D) work cooperatively with them.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the success of Finnish public schools?

A) Finnish schools' educational goals are based on a national curriculum, and annual exams track student progress.
B) Resources are distributed to all schools equally.
C) Finnish teachers are selected from the top 10 percent of college graduates.
D) School policy is based on national goals but determined by town councils.

Question 62

Karl Marx viewed religion as an institution that

A) promoted the general welfare by supporting the development of the poor.
B) contributed to progress through Darwinian social evolution.
C) deluded people with other-worldly concerns and led them to ignore the problems of the world.
D) led to the rise of capitalism as a result of the emergence of Calvinistic asceticism.

Question 63

Elite private colleges give admissions preference to various types of students. Which of the following is NOT among those given preference?

A) wealthy applicants
B) participants in upper-class sports
C) students from the lowest socioeconomic quartile
D) the children of alumni and faculty

Question 64

The number of charter schools grew from zero to about __________ in about 20 years.

A) 10
B) 40
C) 250
D) 5,000

Question 65

Among America's undergraduates,

A) 80 percent are pursuing a parent-financed college education.
B) 10 percent are over age 25.
C) 20 percent are 18- to 22-year-olds pursuing a parent-financed college education.
D) only 5 percent attend college as part-timers.

Question 66

Public schools in the United States today

A) are completely integrated with respect to student race and ethnicity.
B) are highly segregated with respect to student race and ethnicity.
C) may be somewhat segregated in some areas of the country, but schools in poor neighborhoods get much more funding than schools in wealthy areas.
D) are subject to federal mandates requiring that no school have more than 50 percent of its student body be any one race or ethnic group.

Question 67

Functionalists see schools as performing the function of

A) preventing those from disadvantaged backgrounds from getting into the educational system.
B) allowing those from disadvantaged backgrounds into schools but separating them from other students.
C) integrating those from disadvantaged backgrounds into mainstream institutions.
D) providing special advantages for disadvantaged students so that they end up farther ahead than the non-disadvantaged students.

Question 68

Functionalist theorists see schools and education as

A) mobility inhibitors.
B) mobility escalators.
C) elitism enhancers.
D) status quo maintainers.

Question 69

According to conflict theory, religion is NOT

A) a weapon of the ruling classes.
B) a powerful force in maintaining the status quo.
C) a justification for inequalities such as slavery.
D) a positive source promoting social integration and solidarity.

Question 70

The requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake rather than having a degree that certifies skills needed for a job is known as

A) credentialism.
B) job training.
C) social integration.
D) functionalism.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a factor in making college entrance and completion difficult for minority youth?

A) weaker academic preparation
B) less emotional and financial support from home
C) genetic differences in intelligence
D) fewer on-campus role models

Question 72

A survey of tenure-track college faculty at 4-year institutions shows that

A) the fewer hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week, the lower the pay.
B) faculty who teach only graduate students get paid less than those who also teach undergraduates.
C) the more hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week, the lower the pay.
D) the more time an instructor spends doing research, the lower the pay.

Question 73

Which of the following is not one of the elements of the formal organization of American schools and colleges?

A) a chain of command
B) remarkably standardized environments
C) students in charge of their own learning
D) a board of education, administrators, teachers or professors, and students

Question 74

According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a function of education?

A) completing socialization
B) screening and selecting talent
C) adding to cultural heritage through research and development
D) reproducing society's power structure

Question 75

At the elementary and secondary levels, American schools are

A) very informal in structure.
B) loosely governed by fairly vague sets of rules.
C) places that emphasize and reinforce the subordinate status of pupils.
D) places that attempt to produce an egalitarian atmosphere.

Question 76

________________ is one aspect of socialization, by which people acquire the behaviors essential for effective participation in society.

A) Bureaucratization
B) Education
C) Urbanization
D) Modernization

Question 77

________ is defined by social scientists as a relatively permanent change in behavior or capability that results from experience.

A) Learning
B) Education
C) Integration
D) Gatekeeping

Question 78

The __________ principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school.

A) correspondence
B) pedagogical
C) screening
D) selection

Question 79

Conflict theorists see schools as agencies that

A) promote social integration.
B) promote social cohesion.
C) reproduce the current social order.
D) increase chances of social mobility.

Question 80

Private schools now educate about _______ percent of all U.S. children.

A) 1
B) 10
C) 50
D) 85