Deck 19: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World 

Question 1

________ refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.

A) Colonialism
B) Enculturation
C) Hegemony
D) Diffusion
E) Acculturation

Answer 1

Acculturation

Question 2

Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change?

A) imperialism
B) enculturation
C) acculturation
D) exodus
E) migration

Answer 2

acculturation

Question 3

Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests is also a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the following EXCEPT

A) demographic pressure on subsistence economies.
B) commercial logging and road building.
C) the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.
D) cash cropping.
E) urban expansion.

Answer 3

the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the possible consequences experienced after the "shock phase" of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders?

A) a broad-spectrum revolution
B) fragmentation of kin groups
C) disrupted subsistence
D) increased mortality
E) damaged social support systems

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true of postmodernism?

A) It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places.
B) The term originally referred to a style and movement in architecture.
C) It has a clear and functional design or structure.
D) It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity.
E) It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms.

Question 6

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth's surface warm. Without greenhouse gases-water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozone-life as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is that

A) it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming.
B) the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down.
C) scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and life-threatening force.
D) global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world's population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change.
E) most scientists dispute the anthropogenic reasoning for high concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Question 7

What is the name of the Brazilian dance play that reenacts the Portuguese discovery of Brazil?

A) Dia do Descobrimento
B) Arembepeiros
C) Chegança
D) Parantíns
E) Carnaval

Question 8

________ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures.

A) Diasporation
B) Cultural imperialism
C) Conquest
D) Colonialism
E) Symbolic domination

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the key points of the American Anthropological Association's "Statement on Humanity and Climate Change"?

A) Climate change should be addressed exclusively at the international and national levels.
B) Human action is the cause of the environmental changes that have taken place during the last 100 years.
C) Most of those affected will be people living on coasts, in island nations, and in high-latitude and high-altitude areas.
D) Consumerism and reliance on fossil fuels are the two key factors influencing climate change.
E) Climate change will exacerbate the spread of infectious disease.

Question 10

All of the following are examples of key forces in modern global culture EXCEPT

A) finance.
B) essentialism.
C) production.
D) the media.
E) commerce.

Question 11

Cases of local communities using modern technology to preserve and revive their traditions

A) are becoming more common.
B) contradict Gramsci's theory of hegemony.
C) are becoming increasingly rare due to the ballooning cost of the technologies involved.
D) are examples of hidden ethnocide.
E) suggest that modern technology is always an agent of cultural imperialism.

Question 12

As discussed in the text, what Caribbean people have been characterized as living "between two islands" (Grasmuck and Pessar 1991)?

A) Dominicans
B) Puerto Ricans
C) Cubans
D) Trinidadians
E) Jamaicans

Question 13

Which is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?

A) having scientists decide on a definition of climate change
B) a lack of data portraying the effects of climate change
C) meeting energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India
D) the growing population of the poorer nations in the world
E) proper climatic changes

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the emergence and spread of dangerous infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Lyme disease, and Zika?

A) spillovers from humans to wildlife
B) modern air travel
C) commercial expansion
D) population increase
E) changing settlement patterns

Question 15

How does acculturation differ from diffusion, or cultural borrowing?

A) It only affects one of the two groups.
B) It can occur when two nonindustrial societies come into contact.
C) It affects both groups equally.
D) It can occur without firsthand contact.
E) It requires firsthand contact.

Question 16

Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the Earth itself. The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known as cultural ecology or ecological anthropology. This field

A) has limited value in the present day, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems.
B) studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.
C) focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment.
D) is no longer relevant, because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change.
E) studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as "texts."

Question 17

Because our planet's climate is always changing, the key question becomes: How much of global warming is caused by human activities versus natural climate variability? On this issue, most scientists agree that the causes are mainly

A) indigenized.
B) moral.
C) anthropogenic.
D) ecological.
E) evolutionary.

Question 18

________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons-rules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.

A) Entropy
B) Diaspora
C) Chaos
D) Agoraphobia
E) Postmodern

Question 19

To Arjun Appadurai (1990), "________" describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions.

A) ethnocentric
B) postmodern
C) translocal
D) essentialized
E) diasporic

Question 20

Today's ecological anthropology, also known as environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand environmental problems but also to

A) promote the concepts of environmental rights, even at the expense of cultural rights.
B) find solutions, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels.
C) work closely with state agencies, among whom these anthropologists do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change.
D) prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems.
E) contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.

Question 21

Identities are

A) fixed by both genotype and phenotype.
B) fictions.
C) creative constructs and therefore of little real consequence.
D) not fixed; they are fluid and multiple.
E) never dependent on context.

Question 22

Unlike indigenous peoples, the term ________ highlights the prominence that the exclusion of strangers has assumed in day-to-day politics worldwide and has been claimed by majority groups in Europe.

A) mestizo
B) Euroindio
C) freedom fighter
D) indigenous people
E) autochthony

Question 23

Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social, cultural, and political rights?

A) indigenous people
B) autochthon
C) mestizo
D) freedom fighter
E) indio

Question 24

Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles for today's environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation.

Question 25

Although anthropologists may be interested in contemporary global issues such as climate change, their perspective is necessarily limited to the local scale of their fieldwork.

Question 26

Diseases that spread from animals to humans are known as zoonotic diseases.

Question 27

Although acculturation can be applied to any case of cultural contact and change, the term most often has described Westernization, the positive influence of Western expansion that has spread democratic and capitalistic values to those less fortunate.

Question 28

Global warming is primarily due to increased solar radiation, not human activity.

Question 29

In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term over indio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas?

A) cultural patrimony
B) civilian
C) autochthon
D) citizen
E) indígena (indigenous person)

Question 30

Worldwide, concern about environmental and technological risks is more developed in groups that are less endangered by those risks.

Question 31

Scientists prefer the term climate change to global warming. Climate change points out that, beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.

Question 32

________ describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.

A) Patrimony
B) Marketing
C) Autochthony
D) Fluidity
E) Essentialism

Question 33

Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.

Question 34

Cultural forces are indigenized when native traditions are presented to and appreciated by the former colonialists, who then acknowledge these forces as indigenous or native.

Question 35

Ethnoecology is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions-that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.

Question 36

The spread of environmentalism may expose radically different notions about the rights and values of plants and animals versus humans. Fortunately, it is clear to everyone that certain animal rights trump other rights.

Question 37

The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the push by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT

A) their cultural distinctiveness.
B) limited self-government.
C) an implicit call for excluding strangers.
D) political reforms involving a restructuring of the state.
E) sustainable development and political representation.

Question 38

________ is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions-that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.

A) Ethnoecology
B) Essentialism
C) Indigenized
D) Ecological anthropology
E) Ecological imperialism

Question 39

Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it.

Question 40

When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money.

Question 41

Identities are not fixed; they are fluid and multiple. People seize on particular, sometimes competing, self-labels and identities, depending on context.

Question 42

The term indigenous people gained legitimacy within international law with the creation in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations.

Question 43

TV programming that is culturally alien tends to outperform native programming when the alien programming comes from the United States, Great Britain, or France.

Question 44

Social movements worldwide now use indigenous people as a self-identifying label in their quests for social, cultural, and political rights.

Question 45

Forces influencing production and consumption are no longer restricted by national boundaries.

Question 46

Essentialism refers to the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.

Question 47

Mass media can play an important role in constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities.

Question 48

In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians now favor the term indio over indígena when referring to Native Americans.

Question 49

Diaspora refers to the hegemonic policy of dominators to isolate individuals who publicly resist from the rest of the population.

Question 50

Postmodernism refers to the breakdown of traditional categories, standards, and boundaries in favor of a more fluid, context-dependent set of identities.

Question 51

In Latin America, the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities.