Deck 6: The Practice of Psychology at the Interfacewith Medicine

Question 1

Franz Anton Mesmer described the physical and mental state he induced in his patients as animal magnetism.Marquis de Puységur modified Mesmer's original version and renamed the induced state

A)magnetic somnambulism.
B)animal somnambulism.
C)the Puységur effect.
D)hypnotism.

Answer 1

magnetic somnambulism.

Question 2

Hippolyte Bernheim believed that all humans are

A)irrational.
B)suggestible.
C)rational.
D)aggressive.

Answer 2

suggestible.

Question 3

According to Freud, dreams have two levels of meaning: the ____ level, which is superficial, and the ____ level, which contains the real significance of dreams.

A)latent; manifest
B)manifest; latent
C)superficial; latent
D)manifest; true

Answer 3

manifest; latent

Question 4

The ____ clinical tradition was initially most influential in the United States for treatment of mental disorders.

A)Austrian
B)German
C)English
D)French

Question 5

Historian of psychology Gail Hornstein argues that psychologists ____ by refusing to accept psychoanalytic theory and retreating into positivism.

A)displayed poor judgment
B)created a rift between psychoanalytic theorists and experimental theorists that may never be repaired
C)displayed a divided front at a time that was crucial in gaining acceptance from medical professions
D)limited the scope and the social and personal relevance of psychological science

Question 6

Sigmund Freud began his career in what field?

A)Medicine
B)Psychology
C)Religion
D)Philosophy

Question 7

The symptoms of shell shock, a condition first observed in World War I soldiers, closely mimicked the symptoms of which of the following?

A)neurosis
B)depression
C)psychosis
D)hysteria

Question 8

Therapeutic nihilism refers to

A)a common belief during the Enlightenment period that asylum reform was unnecessary because the system in place was sufficient.
B)the notion that all mental problems are rooted in biology; therefore, medicine is the answer to madness, not therapy.
C)the absence of belief in the possibility of developing effective treatment.
D)a small-scale social movement before the Enlightenment that worked for asylum reform.

Question 9

The geographical center for the development of psychotherapeutics at the beginning of the 20th century in the United States was

A)Boston, Massachusetts.
B)New York City, New York.
C)Boulder, Colorado.
D)Chicago, Illinois.

Question 10

Freud's development of the free-association technique arose from his

A)dissatisfaction with hypnosis and the need for a better therapeutic technique.
B)disagreements with Josef Breuer on the origin of hysterical symptoms.
C)compulsion to have an effective clinical tool, which he pioneered without a partner so that credit did not have to be shared.
D)experience with a patient, Anna O., who showed improvement after speaking freely during a therapy session.

Question 11

The Emmanuel Movement, developed by Elwood Worcester, was critical to the development of American psychology because

A)it was the first movement within the United States that incorporated the empirical methods of psychology with the moral teachings of the church.
B)many prominent psychological researchers were influenced by it.
C)it made literate Americans aware of the new phenomenon of psychotherapy.
D)it made psychology understandable to large numbers of people.

Question 12

Who was one of the first psychologists to work in an asylum setting?

A)Philippe Pinel
B)Shepherd Ivory Franz
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Lightner Witmer

Question 13

During the Enlightenment period, madness was reconceptualized to mean

A)a loss of reason.
B)low intellectual functioning.
C)eccentricity.
D)creativity.

Question 14

Charcot believed that ____ played a significant role in the onset and cessation of hysterical fits

A)the ovaries.
B)the suggestibility of the patient.
C)the nervous system.
D)a patient's life circumstances.
E)none of the above

Question 15

According to Charcot, those individuals predisposed to hysteria were also predisposed to

A)mesmerism.
B)hypnotism.
C)long-term instability.
D)neurosis.

Question 16

Which of the following German movements emerged as a form of resistance to the mechanistic view of life?

A)Holism
B)Kultur
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Seele

Question 17

Hysteria is derived from a Greek word meaning

A)uterus.
B)ovaries.
C)neurotic.
D)nervousness.

Question 18

Humoral theory, developed by Greek physician Hippocrates, asserted that

A)an optimistic attitude was effective in curing ailments, leading to the cliché "laughter is the best medicine."
B)health depended on a balance among the body's four humors.
C)animal spirits within the body were responsible for incurable disease.
D)madness was the result of problematic relationships during childhood.

Question 19

What approach did scientific psychologists take to try and debunk psychoanalysis and deflate its cultural popularity?

A)They used an approach similar to the one they used when spiritualism was threatening their cultural authority-the methods of laboratory science.
B)Psychologists attempted to discredit Freud through any means possible, including making anti-Semitic remarks.
C)They held a public debate during Freud's visit to the United States to discuss the validity of the psychoanalytical method.
D)They did not try to debunk psychoanalysis but rather embraced it-demonstrating an "if you can't beat them, join them" attitude.

Question 20

Which of the following Enlightenment figures is most famous for the reform of asylums in Europe?

A)Thomas Kirkbride
B)Benjamin Rush
C)Jean-Martin Charcot
D)Philippe Pinel

Question 21

Psychoanalysis in India was pioneered by

A)Ernest Jones.
B)Sudhir Kakar.
C)Girindrasekhar Bose.
D)Ashis Nandy.

Question 22

A leader in the field of psychosomatic medicine was

A)Hermann von Helmholtz.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)John Dollard.
D)Helen Flanders Dunbar.

Question 23

Franz Alexander, a leader in the development of psychosomatic medicine, believed ____ to be the key to understanding health and disease.

A)mental health
B)personality
C)environment
D)family lineage

Question 24

Psychoanalysis emerged in India in the 1920s with several distinct variations on Freud's original theory, most notably with a change to

A)the removal of the Oedipus complex.
B)decreased emphasis on the androcentric aspects of Freud's theory and increased attention to women's experiences.
C)emphasis on the mother-son relationship instead of Freud's father-son relationship.
D)the five stages of personality development; Indian psychoanalysts only considered the first four to be valid.

Question 25

In which of the following countries has psychoanalysis remained a dominant theoretical approach, even after its popularity has subsided in most other places in the world?

A)Argentina
B)Brazil
C)Czechoslovakia
D)India