Deck 8: American Psychological Science and Practice Between the World Wars

Question 1

The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial was

A)a monument in Washington, DC, dedicated to the welfare of children.
B)a branch of the government involved in applied psychological research.
C)a philanthropic organization concerned with child development.
D)none of the above

Answer 1

a philanthropic organization concerned with child development.

Question 2

The main reason philanthropic organizations became involved in cooperative research with psychologists was

A)to ensure universities did not have control over psychological research.
B)because they thought collaboration would better equip researchers to address relevant social problems.
C)because they were not associated with one branch of academia and therefore were insecure about investing all of their money in only one subject area.
D)to enhance their public image.

Answer 2

because they thought collaboration would better equip researchers to address relevant social problems.

Question 3

Oswald Külpe's work reflected his interest in positivism, which is

A)the position that experience of the observable world is foundational to science.
B)the belief that mental processes determine our experience.
C)a belief that positive assertions increase self-esteem.
D)none of the above

Answer 3

the position that experience of the observable world is foundational to science.

Question 4

The primary function of the Psychologists' League was to

A)provide an association for which applied psychologists could become members.
B)provide a forum where well-established psychologists could discuss academic topics in Psychology.
C)help psychologists find full employment.
D)fundraise to help establish student scholarships in psychology.

Question 5

Like many neobehaviorists, Tolman did most of his research

A)on college students.
B)with questionnaires.
C)on white rats.
D)in Germany.

Question 6

Eric Homburger (Erikson) got his training in child analysis from

A)Anna Freud.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Jean W.Macfarlane.
D)Myrtle McGraw.

Question 7

Following World War I, arguments made to discredit psychologists' findings from the mass intelligence testing of recruits included which of the following?

A)Tests used in the military would not apply to regular civilians.
B)Although the aim of the tests was to determine intelligence, psychologists were unable to offer a clear definition of intelligence.
C)The tests were supposed to determine who would be able to withstand the stresses of war; however, most soldiers returned from battle with severe mental distress.
D)No arguments were made.

Question 8

The American psychologist whose position inspired the most cited body of experimental psychological work from the 1930s to the 1950s was

A)Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
B)Percy Bridgman.
C)Clark Hull.
D)Edward Chace Tolman.

Question 9

The applied work of many associate members of the APA generally occurred in one of which four subject areas?

A)Clinical, consulting, educational, or industrial
B)Clinical, counseling, sexuality, or social
C)Personality, development, educational, or social
D)Clinical, educational, development, or advertising

Question 10

The phrase "survival of the fittest" was used in the context of

A)scientific racism.
B)immigration policy.
C)social Darwinism.
D)comparative psychology.

Question 11

Tolman viewed behavior as

A)goal directed.
B)unconscious.
C)motivated by the will.
D)random.

Question 12

The main purpose of sexuality research in the 1920s was to

A)bridge the fields of medicine and psychology.
B)provide research opportunities for more applied psychologists.
C)draw media attention to the field of Psychology.
D)to address and deal with changing social conceptions of sexuality.

Question 13

After World War I, the growth of both everyday and disciplinary psychology in the United States occurred in the context of

A)the rise of a psychotherapeutic ethos and an increase in mass consumerism.
B)an economic surge that benefitted many disciplines.
C)decreasing faith in religion as a guide to moral conduct.
D)the rejection of psychoanalysis as a rival science.

Question 14

When the associate membership was first introduced by the APA, most associate members were

A)women and Jews.
B)associate professors at leading universities.
C)members of the public with an interest in psychology.
D)those of Anglo-Saxon or northern European decent.

Question 15

After World War I, child development became a focus of research, partly due to

A)an increase in the number of children being born once veterans returned from the war.
B)an increase in the number of nursery schools being opened and affiliated with universities.
C)an increase in the number of applied psychologists.
D)the development of new research techniques.

Question 16

Growth in American Psychological Association (APA) membership was most strongly influenced, after 1926, by

A)growing enrollment in university psychology programs.
B)enticing people to join by lowering membership fees.
C)the introduction of the associate membership.
D)the lack of other organizations offering similar services and benefits.

Question 17

Neobehaviorism's growth in popularity during the 1920s was due to

A)an increase in the use of media and advertising and a desire to predict consumer behavior.
B)the growth in the number of child educators looking for new teaching techniques.
C)the work of Ivan Pavlov.
D)increased physics envy among psychologists and dissatisfaction with the theoretical and practical study of consciousness.

Question 18

One of the first uses of the Binet-Simon test in America was to assess

A)gender differences in intelligence.
B)racial differences in intelligence.
C)the intelligence of children for the purpose of remedial education.
D)criminality.

Question 19

The Institute of Human Relations at Yale University was founded by ____ and was set up to investigate ____.

A)Clark Hull; contemporary social problems
B)John Dollard; psychoanalytic theories
C)Robert Yerkes; links between animal and human behavior
D)John B.Watson; learning theory

Question 20

The term operationism was taken from the work of

A)John B.Watson.
B)Ernst Mach.
C)Ivan Pavlov.
D)Percy Bridgman.

Question 21

Kurt Lewin was

A)a social psychologist who developed field theory.
B)a social psychologist responsible for the group fallacy.
C)a personality psychologist who constructed projective tests.
D)a psychiatrist who developed action research.

Question 22

Floyd Allport's term group fallacy refers to the belief that

A)the way people react in groups is reliable.
B)social behavior is not reducible to the sum of its individual parts.
C)groups cannot be studied as independent entities.
D)social behavior is always different from individual behavior.

Question 23

The Hawthorne effect refers to

A)the effect of improved lighting on worker productivity.
B)the use of personality tests to place workers in appropriate job positions.
C)the importance of workplace location for productivity.
D)the effect of increased attention on worker productivity.

Question 24

Who gave Homburger his first job and was Skinner's first psychology professor?

A)Henry Murray
B)Robert Yerkes
C)Carl Jung
D)Christiana Morgan

Question 25

Which psychologists were heavily involved in the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex?

A)Earl Zinn and Herman Canady
B)Herman Canady and Francis Cecil Sumner
C)Earl Zinn and Robert Yerkes
D)Robert Yerkes and Lewis Terman

Question 26

The use of the Rorschach Projective Technique was influenced by

A)Hathaway, Meehl, and McKinley's work on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
B)Murray and Morgan and their Thematic Apperception Test.
C)Freud and Jung and their ideas about the unconscious.
D)Homburger and his Dramatic Productions Test.

Question 27

By the time America entered World War II, psychologists of color were ____ the results of scientific and psychometric racism.

A)successfully challenging
B)unsuccessfully challenging
C)ignoring
D)accepting